Monetary & Financial Economics

Original Article Financial monetary economy

The Comparison of the Impact of Momentum and the Memory of Past Market Turbulence on the Current Turbulence of Financial Markets with an Emphasis on Cryptocurrencies: MGARCH Model

Eisa Abbasi; Taymoor Mohamadi; Seyed Shamsedin Hosseini

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 1-34

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.80984.1281

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Considering that cryptocurrencies exhibit commodity characteristics such as demand shocks, high price fluctuations, etc., cryptocurrencies can be compared with the behavior of the gold and oil markets (except when there is uncertainty about the supply conditions of gold and oil. ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Considering that cryptocurrencies exhibit commodity characteristics such as demand shocks, high price fluctuations, etc., cryptocurrencies can be compared with the behavior of the gold and oil markets (except when there is uncertainty about the supply conditions of gold and oil. There is no such uncertainty in the cryptocurrency market). Therefore, due to the commodity nature of Bitcoin, the price of oil and gold can affect the price fluctuations of cryptocurrencies. It seems that cryptocurrencies can play the role of a safe haven for commodity market investors, so the cryptocurrency market can cover the fluctuations in gold and oil prices. Commodity markets, which this study focuses on gold, oil and cryptocurrencies, have a series of characteristics. It seems that the gold market has surpassed the cryptocurrency and oil market in absorbing information, while the cryptocurrency market has higher price fluctuations than the gold and oil markets. Empirical evidence shows that Bitcoin can have a close relationship with the commodity market.Therefore, due to the commodity nature of Bitcoin, the price of oil and gold can affect the price fluctuations of cryptocurrencies.بنابراین، به دلیل ماهیت کالایی بیت کوین، قیمت نفت و طلا می تواند بر نوسانات قیمت ارزهای رمزپایه تأثیر بگذارد. Therefore, due to the commodity nature of bitcoin, the price of oil and gold can affect the fluctuations of the price of crypto-currencies. بنابراین، به دلیل ماهیت کالایی بیت کوین، قیمت نفت و طلا می تواند بر نوسانات قیمت ارزهای دیجیتال تأثیر بگذارد. Can't load full results Try again Retrying... 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Every person in the financial markets who has an asset portfolio tries to increase or maintain the value of his asset portfolio. The position of each asset in the portfolio has two characteristics: return (price change) and risk (price volatility). The behavior of asset portfolio owners is such that they try to increase returns and reduce risk. In this framework, they buy or sell assets in their portfolio in order not only to prevent the value of their asset portfolio from decreasing, but also to increase the value of their wealth. This behavior of the capital owners leads to the creation of connections between the global markets, including oil, gold, and cryptocurrencies, so that their yield fluctuations are connected to each other through the risk spillover effect. The asset allocation models have been investigated in a practical way for about half a century. The most well-known asset allocation model is the mean-variance strategy (modern portfolio theory), which was first developed by Markowitz (1952) to describe the process of optimal capital allocation, assuming a fixed investment opportunity set, between different asset groups over a period. 3- METHODOLOGY In this study, the 𝑉𝐴𝑅− 𝑀𝐺𝐴𝑅𝐶𝐻 − 𝐺𝐽𝑅 – 𝐵𝐸𝐾𝐾 model has been used in order to investigate the asymmetric effects of turbulence spillover between the oil, gold and bitcoin markets because of the following advantages. First, this model has high flexibility. Second, in this model, unlike constant conditional correlation (CCC) models, the conditional correlation changes over time. In addition, it is possible to check several markets at the same time. The existence of the covariance equation makes it possible to examine the simultaneous relationship between two markets. In the BEKK model, the fluctuations of a market are affected by the fluctuations and shocks of other markets, the shocks of that market and the covariance of the markets. In other words, the effects of the markets on each other, which is reflected in the delayed covariance, have an effect on the fluctuations of the markets. These effects can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Also, this model makes it possible to have a dynamic dependence between the fluctuations of the variables. The only disadvantage of this model is that it is not suitable for examining more than three or four markets due to the increase in parameters. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION The results indicate that the contribution of the memory of turbulence in explaining the current turbulence is greater than the impact of past shocks. The impact of past impulses and the memory of the turbulences of cryptocurrencies is high on the turbulences of this market. In other words, it can be said that fluctuations in the cryptocurrency market are significantly explained by the past impulses of this market. The results show that there is one-way turbulence spillover from the Bitcoin market to the gold market and the oil market, but the opposite is not true. The results of the study also indicate leverage effects in the markets. The leverage effects of the gold market shock along with the oil and bitcoin market shocks on the gold market are significant. The leverage effects of the oil market shock along with the gold and bitcoin market shocks are also significant on the oil market and the leverage effects are also significant for the bitcoin market. The results of the study indicate leverage effects in the markets, in other words, positive and negative shocks have different effects on price fluctuations, and bad news has a greater effect than good news on price fluctuations. نتایج تحقیق حاکی از تأثیرات اهرمی در بازارها است، به عبارت دیگر شوک های مثبت و منفی تأثیر متفاوتی بر نوسانات قیمتی دارند و اخبار بد تأثیر بیشتری نسبت به اخبار خوب بر نوسانات قیمت دارند. The results of the study indicate leverage effects in the markets, in other words, positive and negative shocks have different effects on price fluctuations and bad news has a greater effect on price fluctuations than good news. نتایج تحقیق حاکی از تأثیرات اهرمی در بازارها است، به عبارت دیگر شوک های مثبت و منفی تأثیر متفاوتی بر نوسانات قیمتی دارند و اخبار بد تأثیر بیشتری بر نوسانات قیمتی نسبت به اخبار خوب دارند. Can't load full results Try again Retrying...

Original Article Financial monetary economy

Studying the Effect of Monetary Policies on Exchange Rate and its Effects on Total Welfare (Application of Recursive Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium)

Elham Dehghani; Ali Raeispour Rajabali; Seied Abdolmajed Jalaee Esfandabadi

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 35-67

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.77575.1213

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTIONWelfare is one of the main men needs which economist and policy makers can tack appropriate planning and policies with true cognition from the effect of government policies on welfare. Generally, it is argued that the goal of monetary policies is making economic stability and remaining ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTIONWelfare is one of the main men needs which economist and policy makers can tack appropriate planning and policies with true cognition from the effect of government policies on welfare. Generally, it is argued that the goal of monetary policies is making economic stability and remaining the stationary of prices. When money volume increases the level of expectation prices will increase and due to rising expectation inflation and reducing both producers and consumers welfare. Therefore, according to the negative effects of uncertainty conditions in economy on welfare of consumers and producers, assessing the effects of monetary policies on exchange rate in uncertainty conditions and its effect on welfare has undeniable importance for prevent from hazardous economic effects which carried out in this research. For this purpose, the effects of shocks due to monetary policies scenarios through increase in liquidity volume and decrease in required reserve rate (2%, 5% and 10%) on foreign exchange rate (Rial/US$) and total welfare was studied. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn the theoretical literature, two channels have been proposed for the effect of the exchange rate on the economy of a country; one is from a micro perspective (influence on economic agents, i.e. consumers, firms, investors, and the government) and the other is at the macro level. Many researchers have argued that households and firms are negatively affected by exchange rate fluctuations through direct and indirect channels. The direct influence of the exchange rate fluctuation is through the change in the price of imported consumer goods and as a result the change in the consumer price index, and its indirect effect is through the national monetary value and as a result the change in the price of intermediate goods and imported inputs, which leads to increase the cost of production. It is obvious that the uncertainty caused by exchange rate fluctuations has a negative effect on investment decisions, and the unreliability of economic conditions increases the severity of this effect. The direct influence channel is based on the assumption that people don’t desire with the fluctuation of the exchange rate, because it causes fluctuations in their consumption, employment and welfare. Its indirect effect is that firms try to cover future risks caused by exchange rate fluctuations by setting higher prices as a risk premium. Therefore, the price of goods and services increases. It is likely that the demand will be lower and the producers will hire fewer workers and as a result the economic welfare will decrease. This point of view is very common in the literature, and most economists do not consider this conclusion unreasonable that exchange rate fluctuations are costly for economic welfare. 3- METHODOLOGYIn order to meet the research goals the required data was gathered from Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Parliament Research Center of Iran in the year 2011 and input-output table of central bank of Iran (CBI) in the year 2016. On the other hand, many researches about the effects of monetary policies on economic variables have been carried out by using static computable general equilibrium and in most advanced case with dynamic computable general equilibrium models. But dynamic computable general equilibrium models divided in two categories: interim and recursive. The interim models are based on optimum growth theorem which assumed that economic agents have the ability of complete prediction while this doesn't correct many economic circumstances, especially in developing countries. Hence many economic experts believe that recursive models are more trustable. Therefore, in this research, in order to achieve the results from gathered data the recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (RDCGE) model and impulse response functions (IRF) through making shocks on monetary police indexes include of: increase in liquidity volume (2%, 5% and 10%) and decrease in required reserve rate (2%, 5% and 10%) were applied. In addition, for data analyzing the Matlab software were applied. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONResults indicated that shocks of increase in liquidity volume equal to 2%, 5% and 10%, maximally will increase the exchange rate equal to 0.97%, 1.98% and 3.08%, respectively. Also, shocks of decrease in legal reserve rate equal to 2%, 5% and 10%, maximally will increase the exchange rate equal to 0.84%, 0.90% and 1.14%, respectively. Because shocks of increase in liquidity volume and decrease in required reserve rate due to increase in money volume, causes to reduce in value of national money in comparison with foreign exchanges and therefore the Rial value of US$ will increase in domestic. In addition, results showed that shocks of increase in liquidity volume equal to 2%, 5% and 10%, maximally will decrease the total welfare equal to 1.19%, 2.47% and 3.53%, respectively. Also, shocks of decrease in required reserve rate equal to 2%, 5% and 10%, maximally will decrease the total welfare equal to 0.73%, 1.64% and 2.81%, respectively. Because shocks of increase in liquidity volume and decrease in required reserve rate due to increase in money volume, causes to reduce in value and power purchase of national money and consequently increase in inflation rate and decrease in total welfare. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONSIt is concluded that the studies indexes of monetary policies (increase in liquidity volume and decrease in required reserve rate) will increase the foreign exchange rate (Rial/US$) and decrease the total welfare. Indeed, between studied shocks, shock of increase in liquidity volume has more effect on exchange rate and total welfare in comparison with shock of decrease in required reserve rate. Therefore in condition of uncertainty in exchange rate which economic agents transfer their assets to parallel markets especially foreign exchange market and cause to further increase in foreign exchange rate and consequently increase in inflation rate and decrease in total welfare, it is recommended that central bank take a restrictive monetary policy such as increase in bank interest rate because this policy while increase in investment cost, can almost prevent from speculative activities and transferring assets to exchange rate market and exacerbate the exchange rate fluctuations and finally decrease in total welfare.

Original Article Financial monetary economy

Investigation the Effect of Open Market Operations on the Stability of Macroeconomic Variables in Iran, Emphasizing the Sanctions Conditions

Mehdi Kholousi Sadegh; Parviz Davoodi; Mohammadreza Sezavar

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 68-98

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.79341.1245

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Achieving macroeconomic stability is one of the main issues of policymakers in developed and developing economies, especially in Iran. In order to create stability in the economy, one of the important and efficient tools are the monetary policies that are used in direct and indirect ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Achieving macroeconomic stability is one of the main issues of policymakers in developed and developing economies, especially in Iran. In order to create stability in the economy, one of the important and efficient tools are the monetary policies that are used in direct and indirect ways by the central bank. Open market operation as an indirect tool of monetary policy is done in most advanced countries that have structured secondary markets related to government bonds through the entry and exit of the central bank in this market. The preparations for the operation of the open market in Iran's economy have been prepared since 2017 and it has been implemented since the beginning of 2019. In the market operations of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, it can buy and sell certain securities, and other banks in Iran can also buy and sell these securities in cooperation with the Central Bank. Considering that the main tool of open market operations is the interest rate, it can be stated that the main objectives of the banking open market operations are the management of the short-term interest rates of the interbank markets in order to balance inflation. Of course, it should be noted that the economic conditions in Iran are different from other countries, because Iran has faced all kinds of economic and non-economic sanctions by Western countries, and it is necessary to consider this influential variable as a quantitative index and measure its effect in the model. Therefore, it is necessary to see the effectiveness of the mentioned operations in the conditions of sanctions. On the other hand, in spite of the extensive exploration regarding the issue of the effectiveness of open market operations, no study with this title has been carried out in a quantitative manner. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of open market operations on variables such as inflation, gross domestic product, exchange rate and interest rate during the period of 1392 to 1400 with seasonal frequency is investigated with the Eviuse software and by using the ARDLmodel. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In the implementation of monetary policy, the central bank can directly use its regulatory power or indirectly influence the conditions of the money market as a high-powered money issuer (bill and currency in circulation and deposits with the central bank). Accordingly, two types of monetary policy tools can be distinguished, which are called direct (not relying on market conditions) and indirect (based on market conditions) monetary policy tools. 3- METHODOLOGY In order to investigate the effect of open market operations on four key macroeconomic variables, it is necessary to specify four separate equations and estimate each one separately by using the ARDL method. Consideration that the data is seasonal, it is necessary to check the reliability of the variables and the sum of the equations in order to examine the long-term relationship and the convergence of the variables towards the equilibrium value. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION The important results obtained in this research is that the sign of the open market operation coefficient is contrary to economic theories, which indicates the inefficiency of the open market operation under sanctions in Iran, and these results are completely consistent with the official evidence and statistics of the relevant centers. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS In the current situation where Iran's economy is suffering from stagnation and government budget deficit, it seems that open market operation has found the function of financing for the government and has no effect on controlling the interest rate and consequently the inflation rate. In fact, the government issued bonds without consideration and from the very beginning it has disrupted and rendered useless the operation of the open market operation tool as a tool of the new monetary policy procedure in line with inflation targeting. On the other hand, the creation of open market operations and the issuance of bonds will cause global fluctuations or external pressures to be transferred into the country in the form of clear economic effects and create another vulnerable point against sanctions in Iran's economy. In such a way that by imposing severe sanctions and even by playing with the psychological atmosphere, the price of government bonds in the market will change and fall, which can cause the discrediting of government bonds and a blow to the financing of government activities. Therefore, it is suggested to consider a sustainable and long-term solution to the government's revenue generation, which includes tax revenues.

Original Article Financial monetary economy

The Impact of Monetary Policy Shocks from the Exchange Rate Channel on the Health of Iran's Banking System

Farhad Sharifi Bagha; Jafar Haghighat; Zahra Karimi Takanlou

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 99-134

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.78781.1234

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTIONMonetary policy, as one of the most important economic tools that affects various economic variables through different channels and with different speed and intensity, has always been the attention of the responsible authorities of countries, especially developing countries like ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTIONMonetary policy, as one of the most important economic tools that affects various economic variables through different channels and with different speed and intensity, has always been the attention of the responsible authorities of countries, especially developing countries like Iran. On the other hand, banks, as financial and credit institutions that have a special place in the country's economy, play a decisive role in the circulation of money and society's wealth. Therefore, examining the impact of monetary policy shocks on the health of Iran's banking system, which is done through the exchange rate channel, is particularly important and is the main goal of this research. Therefore, by using 96 variables of seasonal time series data affecting the bank's profitability index, which is one of the most important indicators of measuring and judging the health of the banking system during the period of 1401:4-1378:1 and using the experimental model of the factor- Added (FAVAR), we investigate the effect of monetary policy through the exchange rate channel on the health of the banking system in Iran. The results show the direct effect of monetary policy through the exchange rate channel on the growth rate of bank network deposits and consequently the power to grant facilities, the amount of bank operating income and the growth rate of bank claims, which from this point of view is one of the most important indicators of the health of the system. A bank that has a profitability index has a negative and significant effect. On the other hand, the effect of monetary policy shocks through the exchange rate channel on the amount of deposit attraction (current, short-term, long-term Rial and foreign currency deposits) and the amount of power to grant facilities and the bank's operating income (income from granting facilities, income from of foreign exchange) is negative and significant and has a positive and significant effect on the amount of claims in the bank.2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKAnzwaini et al. (2012) conducted a study aimed at the impact of monetary policy shocks on commodity prices. Global monetary conditions are often cited as a driver of commodity prices. This paper examines the empirical relationship between US monetary policy and commodity prices using a standard VAR system, which is commonly used in analyzing the effects of monetary policy shocks.Jordo et al. (2019) conducted a study with the aim of whether SVARs identify unconventional monetary policy shocks? they did. We show that the used identification schemes have not been able to recover real unconventional monetary policy shocks in the Eurozone. In their identification schemes, information on the size of the central bank's balance sheet is key to distinguishing monetary policy shocks from other shocks that reduce financial market stress.Niazi Mohseni et al. (2019) conducted a study with the aim of investigating the effect of monetary policy shocks and oil revenues on inflation and economic growth in Iran. In this study, the data of the explained variables were used for the period of 1357 to 1397. Data analysis was done using STATA software. The results of this study showed that the increase in the bank interest rate has reduced the economic growth rate for at least two years after the application of the shock, and after that the effect of the shock tends to zero.Asefi et al. (2021) conducted a study on the effect of monetary policy through the asset price channel on financial development. In this study, using seasonal time series data of 110 economic variables in the period of 1370-1390 and self-explanatory model A generalized factor (FAVAR), the impact of monetary policies has been evaluated through the channel of housing and stock prices. The results of the impulse response functions indicate that the housing price channel has increased production in the medium and long term, but it has also had significant inflationary effects in the short and medium term. 3- METHODOLOGYFAVAR model introduced by Bernanke et al. (2005) is a combination of VAR model and factor analysis model. Composite dynamics (Yt, Ft) should be assumed as equation 1.According to the statistical limitations in Iran, the time period investigated in this data research will be the years 2012-2021 and the research variables include three categories:Table 1: Introduction of Xt vector variables, Yt vector exogenous variables and F vector hidden factorsBrief description of the variable Brief description of the variable Rial long term depositLDRLong-term currency depositLDFRial short term depositSDRShort term currency depositSDFriyal current depositsDDRCurrency current depositsDDFLendingloanClaims of non-governmental entitiesDIGovernment claims to the bankDigexchange rateEXCHClaims of other banks and financial institutions to the bankDibIncome from granting facilitiesInlIncome from currency exchangeBcOther variables as hidden factorsبردار The equation can be written as follows using model variables: 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONThe results obtained from the findings show that the monetary policy through the exchange rate channel has led to a direct effect on the deposits of the banking network and as a result the power to grant facilities and the amount of non-current bank claims which as a result It has an impact on one of the most important indicators of the health of the banking system, which is the profitability index, and this impact is negative and significant. Also, the effect of monetary policy shocks through the exchange rate channel on the amount of deposit attraction (current, short-term, long-term Rial and foreign currency deposits) and the amount of power to grant facilities and the bank's operating income (income from granting facilities, income from of foreign exchange) is negative and significant and has a positive and significant effect on the number of claims in the bank. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONSConsidering the importance of the banking sector, in this study, using the FAVAR model, the impact of monetary policy shocks through the exchange rate channel on the health of the banking system of Iran during the years 2012-2021 was investigated.At the beginning, the unit root test was used to measure the significance of the variables using Stata software, and all the variables were at the significance level.In the following, with the help of Schwarz-Baysin, Akaik and Hanan-Quinn criteria, as well as the maximum likelihood statistic, the optimal interval is determined, and since these criteria do not yield the same results, the AIC criterion is used to determine the optimal interval length. and the obtained optimal interval length is specified as one. According to the obtained results, using the FAVAR model is very suitable for measuring the relationships between variables. The results of the model estimation results show that the monetary policy through the exchange rate channel has led to a direct effect on the deposits of the banking network and consequently the power to grant facilities and the amount of non-current bank claims, which is one of the most important the health indicators of the banking system, which is the profitability index, are effective. For this reason, fluctuations caused by monetary policy shocks in the exchange rate, as one of the most important factors affecting the health of the banking system, will have a negative and significant impact.Also, the effect of monetary policy shocks through the exchange rate channel on the amount of deposit attraction (current, short-term, long-term Rial and foreign currency deposits) and the amount of power to grant facilities and the bank's operating income (income from granting facilities, income from of foreign exchange) is negative and significant and has a positive and significant effect on the number of claims in the bank

پژوهشی Financial monetary economy

Investigation of the Nonlinear Behavior of Real Exchange Rate in Iran

Niloofar Afkhami Rad; Taghi Ebrahimi Salari; Mehdi Behnameh; Mohammad Javad Gorjipour

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 135-163

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.16488.0

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION The enabling factor for entering the process of globalization is the creation of a competitive enviroment. The goal is to achieve competitive power through growth, development, and improvement in the quality of life. Competitiveness is the foundation for the economic growth of ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION The enabling factor for entering the process of globalization is the creation of a competitive enviroment. The goal is to achieve competitive power through growth, development, and improvement in the quality of life. Competitiveness is the foundation for the economic growth of countries worldwide, and the real exchange rate is a good indicator for examination of a country's competitiveness in global markets. It is a variable through which we can assess the relative price of traded and non-traded goods. If there are no changes in the relative prices of other countries in the world and the real exchange rate decreases, it indicates a weakening of the international competitiveness of domestically produced goods. High fluctuations and lack of stability in real exchange rates can create an unstable environment for international trade and, as a result, reduce trade. Given the significance of the real exchange rate in influencing other macroeconomic variables and creating an uncertain environment, having knowledge of the future changes in the real exchange rate can play a crucial role in assisting monetary authorities to increase employment levels and stabilize prices. Since many microeconomic and macroeconomic variables are influenced by the exchange rate, a proper understanding of the linear or nonlinear behavior of the exchange rate can help policymakers, firms, and traders make accurate decisions in order to effectuate desired changes. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The relationship between the national currency and the value of the national currency against foreign currencies is called the exchange rate. In international banking, the term "currency" refers to foreign money, sometimes including the adjective "foreign" to distinguish it from the domestic or local currency of a country. Currency is not limited to banknotes issued by central banks. It includes documents such as checks, drafts, and promissory notes that are used for international payments. Due to resource allocation based on relative prices in the free market, efficient resource allocation occurs when relative prices are properly adjusted and serve as an indicator of the real value of resources. The exchange rate is one of the most important prices, and deviations from equilibrium can disrupt the prices of other goods and services. Generally, exchange rates are divided into several categories: 1) Nominal exchange rate, 2) Real exchange rate, 3) Effective nominal exchange rate. The nominal exchange rate is the price of one unit of a currency in terms of another currency on a specific day and at a specific time. The mention of a specific time is necessary because the exchange rate may change during different hours of the day. It is common to express the price of one unit of foreign currency in terms of domestic currency in exchange rate calculations. Changes in the real exchange rate have a significant impact on the balance of payments and the international competitiveness of a country. Economists agree that an inappropriate level of stability for the real exchange rate leads to a decrease in national welfare. Thus, the instability of the real exchange rate from its equilibrium level leads to severe imbalances in the economy. 3- METHODOLOGY To investigate the nonlinear behavior of the real exchange rate in Iran and in order to examine the nonlinear behavior of the real exchange rate in Iranian economy during the years 2004:04- 2018:02 two models have been applied: Self-Exciting Threshold Autoregressive (SETAR) model and Logistic Smooth Transition Autoregressive (LSTAR) model. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION The possibility of threshold behavior in the real exchange rate has been confirmed by Broock, Dechert, and Scheinkman (1987) and Hansen (1999) test. Subsequently, the threshold values for the growth of the real exchange rate were calculated to be 3.84% in the first model (SETAR) and 5% in the second model (LSTAR). In the first model, when the growth rate of the real exchange rate is below 3.84%, the growth rate of real exchange rate is minimal and classified as a regime with low growth. If the growth rate of the real exchange rate exceeds the threshold value (3.84%), its stability increases. In other words, when the growth rate of the real exchange rate is severe in Iran's economy, it is expected to be stable. In the second model, values less than 5% are classified as a regime with low growth, while values greater than 5% are classified as a regime with high growth. The estimated coefficients for different orders in the two regimes indicate that if the growth rate of the real exchange rate is greater than 5%, this variable will exhibit stable behavior. However, at values below the threshold, due to the insignificance of the coefficients, this property will not be applicable. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS The results demonstrated the possibility of nonlinear behavior in the growth rate of the real exchange rate. After calculating the optimal order for AR and considering other econometric requirements (Hansen test), two models, namely SETAR and LSTAR, were estimated. The threshold value was calculated to be 3.84% for the first model and 5% for the second model. In both models, it was observed that as long as the growth rate of the real exchange rate remains in a severe regime, it exhibits significant stability and is positively influenced by its past values.

Original Article Financial monetary economy

Investigation the Effect of Mandatory Facilities on Inflation in the Iranian Economy by using the VAR model

Sayed Abolfazl Vaziri; Abbas Yazdani; Mahdi Sadeghi

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 164-200

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.80093.1263

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Compulsory loan and its macroeconomic effects, especially its effect on inflation, have always been discussed by economists in Iran. In the current research, the effect of credit compulsory loan on inflation has been evaluated. In order to estimate the model we used data from ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Compulsory loan and its macroeconomic effects, especially its effect on inflation, have always been discussed by economists in Iran. In the current research, the effect of credit compulsory loan on inflation has been evaluated. In order to estimate the model we used data from 1990-2018. The data have been measured by using vector autoregression (VAR) method. According to the results of the research, it is suggested to replace the policy of granting compulsory loan with other existing policies such as product coupon and purchase remittance in the field of supporting weak households and value chain financing to increasing supply. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Compulsory loan is a loan that is imposed on the banking system according to the notes of the budget laws and other laws. In other words, banks are responsible for granting assigned loans based on the approvals of authorities outside the banking system. These loans are one of the government's policies to support the vulnerable sections of the society. Every year, in note 16 of the country's budget, a decision is made by the government and the parliament in relation to the debt relief. 3- METHODOLOGY In this research, the data is time series. To analyze the data we choose from various models of the vector autoregression (VAR), which is actually an unrestricted method in econometrics. the vector of variables is a function of its own intervals and other endogenous variables. The vector autoregression method has the following feature: all variables in this model are endogenous, the results of the model in many cases are better than the results of complex models; It is like simultaneous equations, estimation of the model is simple. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION According to the tests, it has observed that a one percent increase in the compulsory loan will increase the consumer price index by 0.4 percent; one percent increase in the nominal interest rate also leads to a 1.25% increase in the consumer price index. Also, the effect of the instant shock of the loan facility rate on the consumer price index and the nominal interest rate is not significant. Next, in the analysis of variance method, the contribution of impulses entered on the model variables was evaluated and it was found that in the 5 first periods (of 10 periods) the largest prediction error of the consumer price index rate variable is explained by the LCPI variable. From the 6th period to the 8th period, however, the explanatory contribution of the nominal interest rate is higher. In the 9th and 10th periods, the compulsory loan rate has the largest contribution in explanation the variable prediction error of the consumer price index. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS The budgeting system directly and indirectly affects monetary policies. One of the channels of this influence can be followed in the budget notes. Every year, in some laws of the country, especially in the annual budget laws, the banking system is burdened with tasks, and in some of these cases, due to the preferential rate of these loans, or in other cases, due to the high default of these loans, the country's banking system has suffered imbalance. In this regard, increasing of the monetary base was not only through the growth of banks' balance sheets. Rather, the financial dominance of the government and the impact of financial rulings on the balance sheet of the central bank in the form of borrowing from the central bank, buying government bonds has also caused the expansion of the government's debt and the net foreign assets of the central bank, as well as the monetary base.

پژوهشی Financial Economics

Effectiveness of the Financial Structure of Listed Companies from New Islamic Financing Instruments

Ahmad Agheli; Seyyed Ali Paytakhti Oskooe; Nader Mehregan; Monireh Dizaji

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 201-232

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.77948.1219

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Considering the role of the capital market in the economy of countries and studying the performance of this market has a particular importance. One of the factors that affect the performance of the capital market is the decisions made regarding the financial structure of companies’ ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Considering the role of the capital market in the economy of countries and studying the performance of this market has a particular importance. One of the factors that affect the performance of the capital market is the decisions made regarding the financial structure of companies’ performance in this market. Today, in fact, the credit rating of companies is largely dependent on their financial structure, or in other words, their capital structure, and in fact, the basis of production and service provision depends on the way financial funds are provided and used. On the other hand, the financial structure of each company is an early warning regarding the number of financial resources of the company, and it is necessary to determine the factors affecting their financial structure in the strategic planning of companies. Many variables affect the financial structures of stock companies, among which we can mention financing with Islamic instruments. Sukuk is one of the important financial instruments and conforms with the Islamic Shari'ah, which provide an alternative source of funding, especially for large (very active) companies, and more efficient sources compared to conventional bonds. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In financial field, the way in which the company invests is called financial structure. Financial structure, or in other words capital structure, describes the long-term capital financing of a company, which represents debt and equity, and is a type of permanent financing that supports the growth of the company and related assets. One of the most important functions of the Islamic financial system is to facilitate financial flow and guide it towards the most efficient type of investment, and as a facilitator of financial flow, it gives producers the opportunity to move economic resources with greater speed and accuracy by relying on monetary and financial resources. The existence of these types of financial instruments increases capital efficiency and optimal allocation of resources in companies. Since Islamic financing can lead to global financial stability and economic growth; Therefore, wider access to financial services improves social participation and increases market power, and ultimately strengthens protective laws and solves problems and issues of financial development, and increases profitability and improves the financing process of companies. 3- METHODOLOGY This research is considered as applied research in terms of its objective; Because it examines the relationships between variables, the subject of the research is the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization in terms of location, and the time scope of the research is from the fiscal year 2010 to 2019 by using the annual data of the companies. The 83 companies were selected as the statistical sample used in the research. In order to estimate the effects of the variables, the panel data technique with Johnssen's approach is used. In this research, the variable of financial structure is used as dependent variable and the variables of ejare sukuk, murabaha sukuk, sode sukuk, istisna sukuk and mosharekat sukuk are used as explanatory variables. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION According to the empirical results of this study, all new Islamic financing instruments had a positive effect on the financial structure index (ratio of capital to assets). In the long run, ejare sukuk, murabaha sukuk, sode sukuk, istisna sukuk and mosharekat sukuk explain 7.06, 20.32, 0.07, 3.32 and 0.84 percent respectively, of the changes in the financial structure index. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS The present study investigates effectiveness of the financial structure of listed companies from new Islamic financing instruments (Sukuk) by using the panel data technique with the Johanssen approach. For this purpose, the data of 83 listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange has been used during the years 2010 to 2019. According to the research results, instruments had a positive effect on the financial structure index (ratio of capital to assets). Accordingly, the issue of sukuk can significantly improve the financial structure of companies. Companies should use a complete combination of modern financing tools (Sukuk) to achieve benefits such as increasing liquidity, increasing shareholders' wealth and increasing diversity in financing sources.

Original Article Capital markets

Corporate Governance and Aggressive Business Strategy of Companies

Mohammad Hosein Fatheh; Parisa Rahmani

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 233-260

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.81265.1287

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION The business strategy of companies plays an essential role in achieving the company's goals, and strategies should be adopted based on the company's ability, resources, and goals. Choosing the wrong strategy can jeopardize the interests of the stakeholders and the company. As ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION The business strategy of companies plays an essential role in achieving the company's goals, and strategies should be adopted based on the company's ability, resources, and goals. Choosing the wrong strategy can jeopardize the interests of the stakeholders and the company. As a result, the adoption of strategy by managers should be monitored. Meanwhile, corporate governance with two arms of non-commissioned managers and the audit committee as tools for monitoring the performance of managers and the overall performance of companies, is probably effective in adopting business strategy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide new evidence about the relationship between the quality of the board of directors and the audit committee as two fundamental pillars of corporate governance, in relation to the aggressive business strategy of commercial units. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK One of the variables influencing the policies and performance of companies is business strategy. Strategy includes a set of decision-making rules that direct the organization's overall behavior. These decision-making rules determine the organization's relationships with its external environment. In general, business strategy consists of integrated actions in search of competitive advantage. In the organizational literature, two major, different and complementary concepts are examined for the survival and progress of organizations, those two concepts are management and governance. In the concept of management, the main emphasis is on the methods of achieving organizational goals, while the concept of governance is a supervisory concept. The characteristics of the board of directors of companies refer to the mechanisms of corporate governance and the role of board members in monitoring the affairs of companies. Corporate governance is a system that not only enhances the relationship between different parties (shareholders, managers and investors of the company), but also ensures the availability of appropriate resources among competing users. In addition, it provides structures through which firm goals are formulated and ways to achieve goals as well as performance reviews. The purpose of creating an audit committee is to create a set of experts and specialists to monitor management activities on behalf of company owners.The audit committee is a sub-committee under the framework of corporate governance, in which the board of directors assigns some supervisory responsibilities to it. The board of directors and the audit committee are the main pillars of corporate governance and have the duty of fiduciary and protecting the interests of shareholders and supervise the implementation of the company's internal controls. 3- METHODOLOGY The current research is applied and from the methodological point of view, the correlation is causal type (post-event). The statistical population of the research is all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange, and using screening, 131 companies were selected as the research sample and were investigated in the 10-year period between 1390 and 1399. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION The results of the research hypotheses test showed that in the first hypothesis, the quality of the board of directors has a direct effect on the aggressive business strategy of the companies. The results of the second hypothesis also showed that the quality of the audit committee has no effect on the aggressive business strategy of the companies. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS Companies that want to progress and surpass their competitors in the market by choosing an aggressive strategy and using new operational plans and new technologies, actually accept a kind of risk and hazard that should be in the shadow of principled and accurate planning, so such companies They require strict internal controls that are the result of managers' careful supervision and strong and quality corporate governance, and the results obtained show that improving the quality of the board of directors can have a positive impact on choosing an aggressive business strategy.

Original Article Valuation of companies

Investigation of the Moderating Role of the Firm's Growth Opportunities and Profitability on the Value Relevance of Risk Sentiment of Annual Reports with a Dynamic Approach

Akram Taftiyan; Majid Sarayani

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 261-290

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.78922.1236

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION An indicator of investors' trading behavior that affects asset prices is investor sentiment. Investor sentiment is known as a degree of investor's optimistic mood in financial markets. Company-specific investor sentiments have a significant impact on the risk of a stock price ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION An indicator of investors' trading behavior that affects asset prices is investor sentiment. Investor sentiment is known as a degree of investor's optimistic mood in financial markets. Company-specific investor sentiments have a significant impact on the risk of a stock price fall. There are two types of traders, simple noise traders and rational arbitrageurs (informed traders) in the market. When noise traders have high risk sentiment and are very optimistic about a stock, they can easily drive its price to a high level. At this point, arbitrageurs should sell the stock short. However, they fear that in the near future noise traders will become even more bullish and push the price even higher, limiting their prime arbitrage position. Under these conditions, arbitrage does not eliminate the effects of noise, because noise creates risk by itself. Stronger investor sentiments lead to the risk of a particular company's stock price falling, and the economic significance of this effect is not insignificant. Stronger investor sentiment leads to more active margin investments in stocks, leading to higher stock price risk. Therefore, the impact of investor sentiment on stock price downside risk is more pronounced for stocks eligible for margin trading. Hence, this research seeks to answer the question of whether the moderating role of the firm's growth opportunities and profitability has an effect on the value relationship of the risk perception of annual reports? 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The basic premise of using investors' risk sentiments to predict stock prices, stock market returns, and liquidity is the synergy between stock prices and investors' risk sentiments. However, this synergistic relationship has received less attention in the literature. When the stock price increases, the investor's risk sentiment increases, and when the stock price decreases, the investor's risk sentiment decreases. Therrfore, this synergy may reverse or even disappear over a certain period of time. Through a segmented measurement of the synergism between stock price and investor sentiment over the course of a day, we can also find that investor risk sentiment on social media is forward-looking. This provides theoretical support for the use of investor risk sentiment in stock price prediction. External anxiety can significantly affect the synergy between stock prices and investor risk sentiment, but this effect can increase positive or negative synergy. The existence of growth opportunities increases the performance of companies and shareholder wealth, which leads to participation in job creation and economic development, increasing the value of companies and the demand for high-quality innovation, and the improvement in the global market increases opportunities and competition, which also forces companies to invest and undertake riskier projects to maximize shareholder wealth. If investor risk sentiment does indeed drive asset prices, then analysts' recognition and treatment of risk sentiment may affect the relative profitability of their stock recommendations. For example, an analyst may believe that a particular stock is overvalued based on his private estimate of the company's intrinsic value. However, the analyst may hesitate to issue a sell recommendation if he believes that investor risk sentiment will continue to put upward pressure on asset prices in the short term. Furthermore, if the analyst believes that investors will become even more bullish in the near future, he may actually issue a buy recommendation. If the analyst (1) correctly anticipates an upward (downward) shift in investor sentiment that ultimately causes an increase (decrease) in asset prices and (2) issues a more favorable (unfavorable) recommendation in response, then the analyst's recommendation may be more profitable than his peers. 3- METHODOLOGY The current research is based on the classification based on the goal, use, and in terms of classification, it was done using the descriptive-correlation method and using the post-event approach. To collect research data and information by document mining method, field method and databases of Tehran Stock Exchange, comprehensive information system of publishers (Kedal) and modern Rahvard software were used. Finally, the data has been prepared using Excel software and then the final analysis has been done using Eviews software. Content analysis method was used to check the level of risk perception from the activity report of the board of directors, the management's interpretive report and the accompanying notes of the financial statements. In order to test the research hypotheses, the dynamic model approach has been used to estimate the models related to the hypotheses. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION According to the findings of the research, the risk perception of annual reports has a significant effect on the stock price, and also the company's growth opportunity and profitability have a significant effect on the value relationship between the risk perception of annual reports and the stock price. Also, growth opportunity and profitability as moderators affect the relationship between risk perception and stock price. It can be claimed that Tehran Stock Exchange market is more influenced by economic variables. Therefore, it seems necessary to make policies in macro areas to reduce the feeling of economic risk. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS It can be claimed that Tehran Stock Exchange market is more influenced by economic variables and financial and political variables do not have much effect on this market. Therefore, investors are advised to pay special attention to the effect of risk perception on market returns in financial analysis. In addition, in order to reduce the effect of risk feelings on the economy and especially on the stock market, it seems necessary to make policies in macro areas to reduce the feeling of risk. Keywords: The Value Relevance of Risk Sentiment; Growth Opportunities; Profitability; Static and Dynamic Approach

Original Article Financial Economics

The Nonlinear Effects of Globalization and Inflation Components on Financial Development in Iran: Markov Switching Approach (with Emphasis on Banking Credits)

Mahdi Jalili; Elnaz Entezar; Tahereh Akhoondzadeh Yousefi; Mohammad Sokhanvar

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 291-313

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.80859.1279

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Undoubtedly, it is possible to achieve long-term and continuous economic growth in any country by equipping and optimally allocating investment resources in the national economy of that country, and the role of developed financial markets is necessary to achieve this goal. In fact, the ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Undoubtedly, it is possible to achieve long-term and continuous economic growth in any country by equipping and optimally allocating investment resources in the national economy of that country, and the role of developed financial markets is necessary to achieve this goal. In fact, the role and importance of the financial system in the development process of countries is such that the difference between developed and developing economies can be found in the degree of efficiency and effectiveness of their financial system. Financial development is a category, which, according to the developments of financial markets, following the discussions of globalization and financial integration after the 70s, was taken into the attention of economists. Therefore, considering the importance of the financial development category in different countries, the study of factors affecting it has always been emphasized. Financial development is a set of factors, policies and institutions that lead to the creation of effective financial markets and financial intermediaries and provide deep and wide access to capital and financial services. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Many factors can influence the development process of financial markets, among which, the role of the combined index of globalization and inflation can be very important. Some economists and economic policymakers, such as Greenaway and Baltaji, believe that globalization leads to better macroeconomic performance and faster financial development in terms of financial and commercial openness, which many empirical studies support this view. International institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Economic Development advise member countries to believe that commercial and financial liberalization has a positive effect on financial development. 3- METHODOLOGY In this research, the non-linear effects of globalization and inflation on the financial development index (facilities granted by the banking system) in Iran during the period 1368 to 2020 have been investigated by using the Markov switching econometric technique. In this study, the dependent variable is financial development, and the independent variables are inflation, globalization, capital stock, and government spending. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION In the first regime, the economic dimension of globalization has a positive effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to the increase in the economic dimension of globalization, the index of financial development (facilities granted by the banking system) increases. But in the second regime, the economic dimension of globalization has a negative effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to the increase in the economic dimension of globalization, the index of financial development (facilities granted by the banking system) decreases. Inflation caused by demand pressure and monetary inflation in both regimes has a negative effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to the increase in inflation caused by demand pressure and monetary inflation, the index of financial development (facilities granted by the banking system) decreases. Human capital in both regimes has a positive effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to the increase in human capital, the financial development index (facilities granted by the banking system) increases. In the first regime, capital stock has a positive effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to an increase in capital stock, the index of financial development (facilities granted by the banking system) increases. But in the second regime, it has no effect on financial development. Government spending in both regimes has a negative effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to an increase in government spending, the financial development index (facilities granted by the banking system) decreases. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS The results of the estimates indicate that the sources of inflation (inflation caused by demand pressure and monetary inflation, structural inflation, inflation caused by cost pressure and imported inflation) had a negative effect on financial development in both regimes. Regarding the dimensions of globalization (economic dimension, social dimension and political dimension), we saw a positive relationship in the first regime and a negative relationship in the second regime. In connection with the results of the control variables, the variables of capital stock and human capital in both regimes had a positive effect on banking facilities, but the effect of government spending on banking facilities in both regimes was negative. Now, according to the results, policy proposals are presented as follows: - What can be stated with certainty is that paying attention to globalization and joining international organizations such as the World Trade Organization can help improve the performance of financial development indicators in Iran. Because Iran has a long way to go on the path of globalization and integration into it. Therefore, the economic, political, social and cultural dimensions, especially the political dimension, need a fundamental revision.

Original Article Entrepreneurship

Designing the Entrepreneurial Model of Technological Businesses in the Banking Industry with the Approach of Structural-Interpretive Equations

Maryam Mashhadiabdol; Davood Samari; Majid Ashrafi; Ebrahim Abbasi

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 314-347

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.78609.1229

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTIONFinancial technology will transform traditional financial markets, especially banks, by taking advantage of innovation. The purpose of this research is to present an entrepreneurial model regarding the subject of this research. The research is exploratory in terms of its applied ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTIONFinancial technology will transform traditional financial markets, especially banks, by taking advantage of innovation. The purpose of this research is to present an entrepreneurial model regarding the subject of this research. The research is exploratory in terms of its applied purpose-developments and data collection method. In order to examine the relationship model and its fit, structural equation modeling has been used. As a result, the components are placed in 5. Therefore, according to these recommendations, in order to improve their business models, it has been provided. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKToday, the world is witnessing very rapid progress in various fields of science, the speed of these developments and innovations resulting from it is faster, especially in the science of information and communication technology, and the technologies of this field have become a precursor to developments in other fields as well. Banks have always been the focus of researchers due to their special importance in the economy of countries. With the expansion of technology and the increasing influence of the internet and virtual space in people's daily lives, the need for ideas and innovation in the banking sector also becomes more tangible.In a significant part of the previous research in the field of financial technology ecosystem, the way of its development and evolution and the role of this ecosystem in creating innovation in the financial services industry have been discussed. In research, the proposed classification framework of the paper has three dimensions: financial benefits, challenges and functions enabled by blockchain.The current research seeks to answer the following questions:What factors does the entrepreneurial model of technological businesses in the banking industry include?In what dimensions are the influential factors of financial technology in the banking industry?How are the influential dimensions of financial technology in the banking industry related to each other? 3- METHODOLOGYIn the first step, to implement this method, the triangular fuzzy values of experts' opinions as well as the components obtained from previous researches in both internal and external studies were calculated and these components were converted into fuzzy values. In the second step, to calculate the average of the opinions of n respondents, their fuzzy average was calculated. In the third step, according to the studies conducted from domestic and foreign researches, the participating team consists of academic experts, number of 20 people, including faculty members of public administration, information technology management, entrepreneurship and banking affairs management, based on the information that they have been determined in the field of financial technologies in the banking system. In the fourth step, to validate the findings of the qualitative part, the method of long-term engagement and continuous observation, review by participants and colleagues, and the triangulation technique of data sources have been used. In order to achieve reliability criteria, including reliability, transferability, reliability, and verifiability, which are used in transferability, the results of the study, in reliability, coding in reports, and in verifiability, recording activities over time. In the fifth step, after data editing, coding and data entry, two methods of descriptive and inferential statistics and software such as Excel, SPSS, PLS have been used to analyze the data. In the sixth step, the interpretive structural model (ISM) was presented by Andrew Sage in 1977. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONIn the first stage, according to the fact that each of the previous researchers introduced different components in their articles, with the method of content analysis and the combination of similar codes, the primary components in each of the dimensions of the model were identified by analyzing the existing articles and books and interviewing experts became. Fixed fuzzy numbers are calculated by using the average method as follows:ϰ1=(U+M+L)/3; ϰ2=(U+2M+L)/4; ϰ3=(U+4M+L)/6 According to KMO number (more than 0.7) and significance level, Bartlett's test is less than 5%. The explained variance shows that these questions consist of 5 factors and these factors explain and cover about 64.55% of the variance, which actually indicates the appropriate validity of the questions. A good fit index above 0.5 indicates a good fit of the model.According to the results obtained from the structural equation model, the analysis of the research model is presented as follows: the coefficient of determination shows that 74.9 percent of the changes in business internationalization are explained by innovative capabilities, entrepreneurial attitude, supply chain initiatives, and internationalization. Market structure and support activities in this research, the components are placed in 5 levels, which are at the highest level of innovative capabilities and entrepreneurial attitude and at the lowest level of business internationalization. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONSOver the years, although many researchers have investigated the components of a business model (Bertel et al., 2012), designing a new business model is closer to an art than a science. In order to achieve the goal of the research, with the help of findings from previous researches, key factors have been identified and then using interpretive structural modeling or ISM, for the key factors identified from the point of view of experts, including university professors, banking experts and managers specializing in the field of business and they are technological works, a structured relationship was defined.In a changing environment, the delivery and delivery need of financial services will also change. The proposed model is more comprehensive compared to similar proposed models, and the categories taken from previous researches are in five dimensions. By comparing the previous research with the current research, it can be concluded that the structure of institutions and technological activities are among the elements that need to be paid attention to. In order to start and create technological businesses in the banking industry, entrepreneurs need to have a high entrepreneurial attitude in addition to creating an environment that has high innovative capabilities.

پژوهشی Financial monetary economy

Assessing the Relationship between Commercial Risk and Volume of Opening of Letter of Credit in Iran International Trade Logistic Smooth Transition Regression Approach

Farzaneh Sadeghi goorabi; Saleh Ghavidel; Mirhosein Moosavi

Volume 30, Issue 25 , July 2023, Pages 348-378

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.78157.1222

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Choosing the appropriate method of financing and transferring funds to manage business risks is a primary concern for international traders. Therefore, the factors that influence payment method and tool selection in international trade have long been a topic of interest to financial ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Choosing the appropriate method of financing and transferring funds to manage business risks is a primary concern for international traders. Therefore, the factors that influence payment method and tool selection in international trade have long been a topic of interest to financial institutions and researchers. The level of commercial risk associated with a country is one of the most significant factors in the theoretical foundations of this field. The level of rule of law in a country is considered a guarantee for contract enforcement and is one of the indicators used to measure commercial risk. Theoretical challenges among economists, varying results from empirical studies on the relationship between the commercial risk of countries and the volume of opening of letter of credit, as one of the most effective payment tools in international trade, and a lack of research on the nonlinear relationship between these two variables in Iran, make it necessary to conduct this study. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Based on theoretical foundations, the level of commercial risk of the countries involved in a transaction significantly impacts the choice of payment methods used in international trade. Many studies have shown a significant relationship between the volume of opening of letter of credit and commercial risk. Researchers have shown that traders take into account the commercial risk of the other country when choosing payment methods in international trade. Also, some studies, using regression analysis, have evaluated the relationship between the two variables of the volume of transactions through the opening of letters of credit and the level of rule of law in countries in an inverted U shape. These results show that the high rate of use of this tool is in trade between countries that have a similar level of trade risk. 3- METHODOLOGY The current study is a combination of causal and exploratory research, conducted with a practical aim. The research focuses on analyzing the relationships between variables using descriptive-correlational methods, and the statistical population consists of Iran's imports from 79 trading partner countries between 2014 - 2017. The relationship between business risk and the volume of opening of letter of credit is modeled by using the Smooth Transition Autoregressive Logistic (LSTAR) method, which allows for a non-linear relationship between the two variables. If the relationship between the two variables changes over time, it is said that a regime change has occurred, and the threshold level indicates the point of regime change. This pattern suggests that the existence of different values of variables in different regions, or other words, the existence of different regimes, leads to different economic relationships between variables. In the first step, sudden change models assuming a finite number of different regimes were considered. Then, the standard STAR model was introduced with a logistic transfer function, which is a type of sudden change model, due to its smoother and more flexible transitions between regimes. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION According to the results of our study, a direct and nonlinear relationship between the volume of opening of letter of credit and the rule of law in Iran's foreign trade during the period under investigation has been confirmed. In the linear section of the model, the rule of law index of the opposing country had a positive effect on the volume of opening of letter of credit from the total imports of Iran. However, in the nonlinear section of the model, this index had a negative effect. Additionally, the results show that the rule of law had a significant and nonlinear negative effect in the previous period, while in the current period, it had a significant and linear positive effect on the volume of opening of letter of credit. Therefore, the hypothesis of the existence of a nonlinear relationship between the volume of opening of letter of credit and the rule of law in Iran's foreign trade has been confirmed. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS The results of both the linear and non-linear sections of hypothesis indicate a significant correlation between the rule of law index of Iran's trading partners and the volume of opened letter of credit from Iran's total import volume. This finding is consistent with the theoretical foundations presented in the study, as well as the views expressed, which suggest a significant relationship between these two variables. Moreover, the results of hypothesis two demonstrate a non-linear relationship between these two variables in Iran's foreign trade during the years 2014-2017. It can be concluded that an increase in the rule of law index of Iran's exporting countries initially resulted in an increase in the volume of opening of letter of credit. However, in the long run, the volume of opening of letter of credit decreased, and other methods of transferring funds replaced this financial instrument. This finding also confirms the hypothesis of Niepman and Eisenlohr regarding Iran's economy. It should be noted that this study only used data on the volume of opened letter of credit resulting from Iran's imports, which was accessible through the IT office of the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs. Data on credit document opening resulting from exports by Iranian traders, which was carried out by foreign importers in their own country, was not available and therefore not considered. For future research, it is recommended to re-estimate the model of this study while taking into account the statistics of opening of letter of credit in Iran's export sector, after the possibility of using the SWIFT system for Iranian banks and accessing its data.

The Critically Evaluation of the Baumol – Tobin Inventory Theory of Money Demand

Mostafa Karimzadeh

Volume 23, Issue 12 , February 2017, , Pages 217-234

https://doi.org/10.22067/pm.v23i12.45376

Abstract

Money is the one of the most important human innovations that has essential role in facilitating of transactions and economic evolution. Which added its performance with development and complicated of societies. The money market has like all other markets, both a demand side and a supply side. In this ... Read More Money is the one of the most important human innovations that has essential role in facilitating of transactions and economic evolution. Which added its performance with development and complicated of societies. The money market has like all other markets, both a demand side and a supply side. In this paper we examine the demand side. Since the 1930s, economists have developed the theory underlying the demand for money along several different lines, each of which provides a different answer to the basic question: If bonds earn interest and money doesn’t, why should a person hold money? While the way the various theories this question differs, in general they come down to a demand for money function. The cognition of effective factors on money demand is one of the most important economic topics. To answer this problem, some of the economists try to present several money demand theories. In this paper we will evaluate the inventory approach to transaction demand developed by both Baumol and Tobin. They show that there is a transactions need for money to smooth out the difference between income and expenditure streams and the higher the interest rate – the return on holding bonds instead of money – the smaller these transactions demand balances should be. Theoretical Framework Keynes had designated the transactions demand for money as due to the transactions motive but had not provided a theory for its determination. In particular, he had assumed that this demand depended linearly on current income but did not depend on interest rates. Subsequent contributions by Baumol and Tobin in the 1950s established the theory of the transactions demand for money. These contributions showed that this demand depends not only on income but also on the interest rate on bonds. Further, there are economies of scale in money holdings. The transactions demand for money is derived under the assumption of certainty of the yields on bonds, as well as of the amounts and time patterns of income and expenditures. Baumol (1952) and Tobin (1956) presented their money demand theory by using inventory approach. Developments since the 1950s have extended and broadened the Baumol–Tobin transactions demand analysis, without rejecting it. The most significant extension of this analysis has been to the case where there is uncertainty in the timings of the receipts and payments. The demand for money under this type of uncertainty is usually labeled as the precautionary demand for money. This section presents Baumol’s (1952) version of the inventory analysis of the transactions demand for money. This analysis considers the choice between two assets, “money” and “bonds,” whose discriminating characteristic is that money serves as the medium for payments in the purchase of commodities whereas bonds do not; hence, commodities trade against money, not against bonds. There is no uncertainty in the model, so the yield on bonds is known with certainty. The real-world counterpart of such bonds is interest-paying savings deposits or such riskless short-term financial assets as Treasury bills. Longer-term bonds whose yield is uncertain are not really considered in Baumol’s analysis. Baumol’s other assumptions are: 1. Money holdings do not pay interest. Bond holdings do so at the nominal rate R. There are no own-service costs of holding money or bonds, but there are transfer costs from one to the other, as outlined later. Bonds can be savings deposits or other financial assets. 2. There is no uncertainty even in the timing or amount of the individual’s receipts and expenditures. 3. The individual intends to finance an amount $Y of expenditures, which occur in a steady stream through the given period, and already possesses the funds to meet these expenditures. Since money is the medium of payments in the model, all payments are made in money. 4. The individual intends to cash bonds in lots of $W spaced evenly through the period. For every withdrawal, he incurs a “brokerage (bonds–money transfer) cost” that has two components: a fixed cost of $B0 and a variable cost of B1 per dollar withdrawn. Examples of such brokerage costs are broker’s commission, banking charges and own (or personal) costs in terms of time and convenience for withdrawals from bonds. The overall cost per withdrawal of $W is $(B0 +B1W). They explained that individuals have two cost about money demand: the cost of interest rate of money (first cost) and the cost of refer to bank (second cost). The most important contribution of their theory is that interest rate influences transactions demand of money. Results & Discussion Our paper lead to this occlusion that development of electronic money and banking, causes the Baumol – Tobin theory faces essential critical and challenges. In recent age with development of electronic money and banking, the cost of refer to the bank is very low. Conclusion & Suggestion Hence we can assume that this cost is zero. By assumption that the cost of refer to the bank is zero, the inventory theory isn’t appropriate approach to money demand.

Development of Earning Manipulation Prediction Model Applying Hybrid Neural Network and Cosmology Based Algorithms

Nahid Maleki Nia; reza tehrani; Akbar Tabriz Akbar; Mirfeiz Fallah shams

Volume 28, Issue 21 , November 2021, , Pages 57-86

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2021.71593.1099

Abstract

Extended abstract1- INTRODUCTIONAccurately predicting earning manipulation in order to detect and identify manipulation of financial statements has always been one of the most fundamental challenges ahead of financial reports users. Because of increasing financial reporting fraud, this fact resulted ... Read More Extended abstract1- INTRODUCTIONAccurately predicting earning manipulation in order to detect and identify manipulation of financial statements has always been one of the most fundamental challenges ahead of financial reports users. Because of increasing financial reporting fraud, this fact resulted in investor distrust of capital markets in recent years. The purpose of this study is to answer the questions whether it is possible to detect earning manipulation in financial statements based on the Beneish model? is it possible to detect earning manipulation in financial statements based on the proposed model? and does the proposed model predict better than the Beneish model in detecting earning manipulation? The findings of this research can be concidered by investors, creditors, auditors, regulators and other users to help them in making decisions and offering appropriate solutions. In order to detect earning manipulation and enhance the predictive accuracy of the earning manipulation model, it has been designed and presented a developed model based on Beneish model (1999). this study uses corporate governance variables i.e., audit committee structure, legal inspector and independent auditor, board of director's structure and corporate ownership structure requirements.2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Benish (1999) investigated 74 earning-manipulator companies applying probit analysis during 1982-1992. He assigned the number 1 to the manipulative companies and the number zero to the non-manipulative companies and calculated the coefficients of the independent variables. The cut-off point of this model was -1.78. Therefore, if the M-score is greater than -1.78, it is likely that the company is earning manipulator. The overall accuracy of the model was confirmed at 76%.By using eight accounting variables in its model, Beneish showed that the probability of earning manipulation increases with unusual increase in receivables, decrease in gross profit margin, decrease in asset quality, sales growth and increase in accruals. But what is hidden from view in this model, is the attention to the control of mechanism to reduce transaction and agency costs. Studies conducted to develop the Beneish model have also been based solely on accounting data and have ignored the implications of control mechanisms in model development. Therefore, in order to improve the predictive power of the beneish model, corporate governance system can be considered as a deterrent factor from earning manipulation.3- METHODOLOGY The data of this study are drawn from the annual financial statements and reports of a sample of 81 non-financial listed companies on TSE over the period 2012-2018 i.e., 567 firm-year observations and analyzed by the hybrid multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network and cosmology based algorithms i.e., black-hole based optimization (BHBO), big bang-big crunch (BBBC) and galactic swarm optimization (GSO). It has been applied feed forward net to design the initial and final neural network model by structure of 8-17-1-1 for Beneish model (1999) and of 25-17-1-1 for the proposed model.This study also compares models based on hybrid neural networks and cosmological algorithms and the best and weakest cosmological algorithms are determined in neural network training to detect earning manipulation.4- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONThe numerical value of the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic gives an idea about the detection power which it has been in the rejected range of 0.74 to 0.55 for the Beneish model (1999) and in the accepted range of 0.97 to 0.75 for the proposed model. The best cut-off points and the best accuracy of the Beneish model (1999) have been estimated up to 0.4014, 63.49%, respectively, by the hybrid multi-layer perceptron neural network and big bang-big crunch algorithm (MLP-BBBC). The best cut-off point and the best accuracy of the proposed model have been estimated up to 0.4023 and 87.30 percent, respectively, by the hybrid multi-layer perceptron neural network and galactic swarm optimization algorithm (MLP-GSO). The estimated accuracy of the model by the hybrid methods of multi-layer perceptron neural network and galactic swarm optimization algorithm (MLP-GSO), hybrid multi-layer perceptron neural network and big bang-big crunch algorithm (MLP-BBBC) and hybrid multi-layer perceptron neural network and black-hole based optimization algorithm (MLP-BHBO) has been increased from 59.08, 63.49 and 57.5 percentages to 87.3, 79.72 and 74.25 percentages, respectively.5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONSThis evidence indicates that predictive power of the model has been enhanced in detecting earning-manipulator companies and training error of the network has been decreased up to 12.7 percentages by hybrid method of multi-layer perceptron neural network and galactic swarm optimization algorithm (MLP-GSO). Therefore, it can be concluded that the integration of corporate governance variables as non-accounting variables to the Beneish model (1999) has been more effective in detecting and identifying earning manipulation. This evidence is consistent with this fact that a significant reduction in mean square error (MSE) is up to 23.81% and as a result the predictive power of proposed model has been significantly improved. The area under the curve of the black-hole based optimization (BHBO) and big bang-big crunch (BBBC) algorithms is covered by the galactic swarm optimization (GSO) algorithm in the proposed model. Also the area under the curve of the black-hole based optimization (BHBO) and galactic swarm optimization (GSO) algorithms is covered by the big bang-big crunch (BBBC) algorithm in Beneish model(1999). Therefore, the best algorithms for training the multi-layer perceptron neural network belong to the galactic swarm optimization (GSO) algorithm in the proposed model by the 12.7% error and to the Big Bang- Big Crunch (BB-BC) algorithm in Beneish model (1999) by the 36.51% error compared to the other cosmological algorithms in this study to detect and identify of manipulator companies.

Examination of the Effect of the Shock Caused by Monetary Policy and Oil Revenue on Inflation and Economic Growth in Iran

Mohsen Niazimohseni; Hamid Shahrestani; Kambiz Hojabr Kiani; Farhad Ghafari

Volume 27, Issue 19 , June 2021, , Pages 29-46

https://doi.org/10.22067/pm.v27i19.85109

Abstract

Introduction Monetary and financial affiliation, always closely linked to oil sector in Iran (as an oil exporter country) has made Monetary Policy a remarkable challenge to the economic policy- makers. In fact, according to expected statistics, a considerable amount of budget is provided by currency ... Read More Introduction Monetary and financial affiliation, always closely linked to oil sector in Iran (as an oil exporter country) has made Monetary Policy a remarkable challenge to the economic policy- makers. In fact, according to expected statistics, a considerable amount of budget is provided by currency sources from oil export and withdrawal from foreign exchange reserve account by which Central Bank inevitably buys currency resulting to increase monetary base. Lack of possibility of mathematical anticipation and uncertainty of oil revenues to finance is one of the challenges monetary authorities encounter in Iran. Accordingly, mathematical programing for economic stability requires identifying the effect of Monetary Policy based on oil revenue. Examination of the effect of Monetary Policy in economics started with the theory of '' the amount of money''. Economic experts are of different viewpoints on the impact of Monetary Policy on Marco variables. According to theoretical and experimental literature, Monetary Policy makes an outstanding difference on Marco variables. On the other hand such policies are extinguished by oil revenue leading to more obscurity. Theoretical framework According to the existing literature, the way of applying Monetary Policy is different in oil exporter and importer countries. when oil price rises, Central bank, In order to control inflation, increases the interest rate, and Monetary Policy acts as a contraction in oil importer countries. However, in oil exporter countries, when oil price rises, currency revenues, mainly in the hands of the government, increases, and the government, by converting part of oil dollars to domestic currency, intentionally or unintentionally, increases the amount of money to provide its expenses. So, in exporter countries like Iran, oil revenues directly affect economic Macro variables. They, also, indirectly affect through Monetary Policy. Methodology The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of monetary policy on economic Marco variables due to oil revenues. This study has, also, used interest rate variable, bank facilities, and legal reserve rate on monetary policy. Such variables have been used, indoors or outdoors, in different economic studies. Basically, in this study, the economic Marco variables are also economic growth and inflation rate respectively due to the limited access to information and also other existing limitations. To measure the economic growth rate, GDP growth rate at a fixed price has been used. The inflation rate resulted from consumer price index growth rate (CPI). In this study, using STATA software, the variables have been used from the years 1978 to 2017. Results & Discussion The results of this study have shown that the rise in bank interest rate has run down the economic growth rate at least up to two years after applying the shock. It drifted towards zero afterwards. With the rise in bank interest rate growth, the cost of financing has been decimated resulting to investment reduction. On the other hand, with the rise in bank interest rate, the inflation rate has been reduced. It is obvious shock standard deviation in bank facilities interest rate has, up to three periods after applying the shock, left positive impact on inflation rate, and the impact has been reduced to zero. Economic growth reveals like bank facilities rate, such a variable has a negative impact on Iran's economic growth. The rise in legal reserve rate has been one period after applying the shock up to zero in the second period. On the other hand, the impact of legal reserve rate has been positive on inflation rate. It has been shown that shock standard deviation reduces inflation rate in legal reserve rate. The rise in oil revenues leads the rise in economic growth rate, thus, reduced to zero up to two periods after applying the shock. With increasing oil revenues, by the government's expenses increase as well. Thus, it leads to the rise in demand, and also, economic growth indoors. Conclusions & Suggestions Based on the results, implementation of monetary policy in Iran has negative effect on economic growth, which is also consistent with the Iran Economy, so policymakers must use another policy for stimulating the economic growth. Put on the agenda.

Mixed- Asset Portfolio Optimization

soudeh sabahi; Farimah Mokhatab Rafiei; MohammadAli Rastegar

Volume 27, Issue 19 , June 2021, , Pages 249-278

https://doi.org/10.22067/pm.v27i19.84579

Abstract

Introduction At the core of any investment lies the return on investment. To gain a favorable return, an investor should take investment-related risks. The interaction between risk and return can lead to decisions on asset allocation. A key strategy in investment discussions is diversification ... Read More Introduction At the core of any investment lies the return on investment. To gain a favorable return, an investor should take investment-related risks. The interaction between risk and return can lead to decisions on asset allocation. A key strategy in investment discussions is diversification in investment portfolio. Investment strategy is undetermined in different assets such as security, gold, currency and cryptocurrency. Despite the temporary recession and success of certain assets, it is hard to prioritize investment among assets (in terms of risk and return) to ensure that the investor makes the highest profit at the lowest risk. Thus, the present research used the Mean-CVaR model along with the Extreme value theory (EVT) based on Copula’s theory to estimate the correlations among time series. It used the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) estimation method to measure the joint distribution of assets regardless of the normality assumption of data, collinearity, priorities and weights of investment in assets as optimal values. Theoretical Framework Diversification of conventional investment portfolio which only involves cash and security with alternative assets such as goods, currency and estate helps to decrease the correlation of assets and increase its resistance to severe changes in stock market. It, thus, helps to improve the performance of investment portfolio (Fischer & Lind-Braucher, 2010). Moreover, due to the low correlation between conventional assets and cryptocurrency and its high-efficiency, cryptocurrency is a good instrument to be combined with diverse investment portfolios and can increase the Sharpe ratio (Chuen et al., 2017). One assumption of the distribution of financial return time series is the normality of data. However, in actuality, many financial return time series are not normal. When the normality assumption is violated, Value at Risk (VaR) is a proper measure. Risk exposure value is not an integrated risk measurement and due to the lack of sub-aggregation property, may be inefficient in optimizing investment portfolio. Thus, researches introduced Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) as an integrated measure and an alternative for VaR. Methodology As the return on financial assets is marked by a fat tail and is not marked by a normal distribution of data, to better predict the distribution of series, EVT was used. Moreover, Copula’s theory was adopted and the structure of correlations among series as time-varying was modelled via the dynamic conditional correlation estimation and the joint distribution of assets was analyzed regardless of data normality and collinearity. Then, the Mean-CVaR model was used to estimate the risk exposure value and set the investment priorities and weights among assets in Tehran Stock Exchange, Gold Coin, USD and Bitcoin as optimized values. In this research, for an optimal allocation of investment among four above assets in daily return, Tehran Stock Exchange index (TEPIX) was used. The daily return on investment in Gold Coin (the old version) was estimated in Rials. That of USD was estimated in Rials in Tehran free market. Finally, the daily return on investment in Bitcoin was estimated in Rials between October 2014 and April 2018. Results & Discussion A negative correlation was estimated via DCC-Copula between certain assets, which shows that when a particular asset gains higher return on investment (than the mean value), the other asset does not follow the same trend. Thus, investors are capable of diversifying their portfolio accordingly. Prediction of return on assets showed that the highest expected daily return on investment belonged, respectively, to Bitcoin, Gold Coin, Dollar and Tehran Stock Exchange. Moreover, as the optimized weights showed for zero CVaR, due to the low variance, the greatest investment weight was investment in Tehran Stock Exchange. The higher the investor’s risk-taking, the greater the investment weight of Gold Coin and Bitcoin. Conclusions & Suggestions Considering the investor’s risk-taking level, if s/he tolerates the least risks, s/he is suggested to make the most investment in securities. An increase in the minimum expected return on investment is followed by an increase in the investment share of Gold Coin and Bitcoin. Thus highly risk-taking investors are suggested to invest in Bitcoin and low risk-taking counterparts are suggested to invest in Gold Con. Considering the conditional Sharp (C-Sharp) ratio optimal portfolio indicated a better performance of various portfolios than any other asset, and the best performance of the portfolio includes Gold Coin with more than 70% and Dollars and Bitcoins with an equal weight. Furthermore, according to the C-Sharp ratio in the optimal portfolio, the minimum weight of Gold Coin is 60% and the maximum share of Dollar and Bitcoin is 20%.

Stock Market in Economic Growth: The Case of MENA Countries

Mohammad Ali Aboutorabi; Mohammad ali Falahi

Volume 20, Issue 6 , August 2013, , Pages 29-47

https://doi.org/10.22067/pm.v20i6.36349

Abstract

According to the relationship between financial development and economic growth, the question is whether the type of financial structure (bank-based or market-based financial system) can affect the economic growth? This paper attempts to find an answer to the above mentioned question by surviving the ... Read More

پژوهشی Financial monetary economy

*****

Alireza Abroud; Abdonaser Derakhsan; Farshid Ahmadi Farsani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.90004.1455

Abstract

این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه بین سرمایه عملیاتی، نگهداری وجوه نقد و عملکرد مالی شرکت‌های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران انجام شده است. سوال اصلی پژوهش این است ... Read More این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه بین سرمایه عملیاتی، نگهداری وجوه نقد و عملکرد مالی شرکت‌های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران انجام شده است. سوال اصلی پژوهش این است که آیا سرمایه عملیاتی و نگهداری وجوه نقد بر عملکرد مالی این شرکت‌ها تاثیر معناداری دارند؟ در این پژوهش، فرضیه‌هایی مبنی بر تاثیر مثبت و معنادار سرمایه عملیاتی و نگهداری وجوه نقد بر عملکرد مالی شرکت‌ها مطرح شده است. برای آزمون این فرضیه‌ها، از داده‌های مالی 110 شرکت پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران در یک دوره زمانی 10 ساله از سال 1391 تا سال 1400 استفاده شده است. جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از اسناد سازمان بورس و با کمک نرم‌افزار اکسل تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری استاتا صورت گرفته است. در تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از روش رگرسیون چند متغیره با داده های ترکیبی بهره گیری شده است. آزمون‌های چاو و هاسمن برای انتخاب الگوی مناسب برآورد مدل‌ها و آزمون‌های والد تعدیل‌شده، والدریج و پسران نیز برای بررسی فروض کلاسیک رگرسیون استفاده شده است.به لحاظ نظری، این پژوهش به غنی‌سازی ادبیات موجود در زمینه مدیریت مالی و عملکرد شرکت‌ها کمک می‌کند و از نظر کاربردی، نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند برای مدیران شرکت‌ها، سرمایه‌گذاران، تحلیلگران بازار سرمایه و سیاست‌گذاران مفید باشد تا تصمیمات بهتری اتخاذ کنند. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش بیانگر این است که سرمایه عملیاتی و نگهداری وجوه نقد بر عملکرد مالی شرکت های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران تاثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد.

Original Article Financial Economics

Studying the Effect of Financial Friction and Development Shocks on Knowledge Base Index of Economic Sectors in Iran

Sareh Amirmojahedi; Ali Raeispour Rajabali; seied abdolmajed jalaee esfandabadi; reza zeinalzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.81568.1292

Abstract

Considering that in the knowledge economy , production, distribution and application of knowledge and information is the main factor of development, produce of wealth and employment in all economic activities, therefore, it is important to examine the financial friction and financial development on the ... Read More

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Original Article Bank

Studying 'organizational maturity performance' in order to provide 'blockchain banking service' based on 'financial technology' (‘FinTech’) (on the basis of the ‘CMMI’ in ‘Parsian Bank’)

Komeil Ali Taghavi; Mohammadreza Mashayekh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.70868.1080

Abstract

‘Blockchain banking’ combines traditional banking features with cryptocurrency ones, which can be provided by merging ‘hybrid e-wallet’ with ‘bank account’ and ‘bank card’ - altogether as ‘crypto bank account’. The ‘hybrid e-wallet’ ... Read More

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Original Article Financial monetary economy

The Effect of Governance Quality on the Effectiveness of Monetary Policies

Yaser Moomivand; seyyd mohammadbagher najafi; Kaveh Derakhshani Darabi; jamal fathollahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2023.83175.1311

Abstract

Monetary policies are one of the most important policy tools for improving economicvariables, including inflation and production. Monetary policy is currently a dynamic andchallenging field of economic sciences, theoretically and empirically. The views on the effectof monetary policy on production vary ... Read More Monetary policies are one of the most important policy tools for improving economicvariables, including inflation and production. Monetary policy is currently a dynamic andchallenging field of economic sciences, theoretically and empirically. The views on the effectof monetary policy on production vary from the ineffectiveness and neutrality of money inthe short and long term to the effectiveness of monetary policy and its effect on production inthe long term and even in the short term.2. Review of the literatureInstitutional aspects and their effect on economic variables and the economic performance ofdifferent societies have been attracted by experts in the field since the 1980s and led to thedevelopment and expansion of its literature in the 1990s. Moreover, the valuable works ofNorth and Coase, as well as, winning the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for their effortsto introduce institutional analyses put forward institutionalism as one of the leading economictheories. According to this literature, it can be stated that the same impulses and policies canbe followed by different reactions due to temporal and spatial differences in the institutionalenvironment in which they happened (Dehghan Monshadi, 2019).2.1. The effect of governance on the effectiveness of policiesThe new economic literature emphasizes the importance of institutions and governanceconditions in the economic development process and the performance of economic policies.Governance has a long history and has been defined in different ways. It literally meansdomination, ruling, and strategic government, but it means the activity of countrymanagement and control of a company or organization in the Oxford English Dictionary(Gholipoor, 2004).3. Materials and methodsThis research investigated the effect of variables on the effectiveness of monetary policyusing the model introduced by De Mendonça and Nascimento (2018), which is presented asRelation (1).(1)where is the index obtained for the effectiveness of the monetary policy in the i th country inthe t th year, GGI is the index of good governance, and X is other economic variables affectingthe effectiveness of the monetary policy, such as the degree of openness of the economy, thedevelopment of financial markets, and virtual variable of the existence of the inflationtargeting policy in the relevant country. In the years with the inflation targeting policy, thevalue was set to 1, but it was 0 in other years. In addition, the GDP variable was included inthe model to include other variables affecting the effectiveness of monetary policy.4. ResultsThe effectiveness index of monetary policy was calculated for the sample countries beforeestimating the coefficients using the proposed approach. This research calculated theeffectiveness of monetary policy using the approach introduced by Krause and Rioja (2006).In this approach, and were calculated for the selected countries in each year. The inflationdeviation was measured by the deviation of the consumer price index. Analysis of thedescriptive statistics for the research variables demonstrated that this index average for thecountries in the period under study was 2980.43 and the median equaled 1.48. It should benoted that the lower the value of the index, the more effective the policy would be in thereduction of inflation and production fluctuations. The highest and lowest index value was873575.4 and -107.91, respectively. Jarque- Bera statistic and its significance level alsoshowed that the distribution of the variable is not normal.5. ConclusionAs shown by the results of earlier studies and the present research, the process of selection,decision-making, and performance of individuals and societies takes place within theframework of institutions. Thus, their reaction to various phenomena, including economicand monetary policies, depends on institutions. One of the major institutions is thegovernance that affects economic variables with monetary and financial policies. Therefore,the primary objective of this research was to determine the effect of governance quality onthe effectiveness of monetary policy. According to the results, improving the quality ofgovernance significantly reduced production and inflation fluctuations and enhanced theeffectiveness of monetary policy. Hence, it could be concluded that in societies withfavorable governance indicators, better and more complete implementation of laws andregulations could be expected, and formal and informal obstacles to implement economicpolicies are reduced. The results obtained from the estimation of coefficients indicated asignificant relationship between the inflation targeting policy and the increased effectivenessof monetary policy. The existence of inflation-targeting policy and its obligation make thecentral bank focus more on the main goals of monetary policy, which is to maintain the valueof the national currency and increase economic stability. Under such circumstances, thepolicy-maker can have more authority in controlling inflation and production fluctuationsrather than other secondary goals, resulting in more success in controlling inflation andproduction fluctuations.

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Original Article Financial Economics

Investigating the effect of investor mass behavior on stock price fluctuations, industry index and stock market index

Habib Ansari Samani; dariush Fareed; golnazosadat alavi nasab; farzaneh jandaghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.77371.1210

Abstract

In the past two years, the Tehran Stock Exchange has experienced severe fluctuations and a significant decline due to various factors. One of the important factors is the herding behavior of investors, Investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange exhibit emotional and sometimes irrational behaviors towards ... Read More

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Original Article Financial monetary economy

Investigating long-term and short-term effects of financial efficiency and financial depth on economic growth

Lale Mushtakhi; narges samadpoor

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.87178.1403

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONThe role of the financial system on economic development has attracted and received increased attention from both academia and policy makers, with resulting divergent views emerging. Over the past decades, focus on this area has increased, with mixed findings which remains a theoretical and ... Read More INTRODUCTIONThe role of the financial system on economic development has attracted and received increased attention from both academia and policy makers, with resulting divergent views emerging. Over the past decades, focus on this area has increased, with mixed findings which remains a theoretical and empirical controversy. Financial development has played a leading role in many developing economies (Puatwoe and Piabuo , 2017). There is a widespread believe among policy makers that financial development enhances productivity which promotes growth. There are a few key findings from the analysis of how financial development affects economic growth. The first is through the savings rate that leads to investment and capital accumulation, and the second is through channel allocation, in which financial development can increase efficient investment allocations thereby increasing productivity .(Ikhsan1 and Satrianto,2023)But the situation in developing countries is different. Some studies argue that the financial sector stimulates economic growth, while others argue the opposite (Sulemana and Dramani, 2020). The study (Adusei, 2013) also shows evidence that financial development undermines economic growth and is an anti-growth factor. There are also few studies that state that financial development has no effect on economic growth. These studies provide evidence in support of this. They provide the concept that financial development and economic growth are not related and are two separate phenomena that are independent from each other (Yıldırım, S., Özdemir, BK., and Doğan, B., 2013).All these different views are sufficient reasons to examine The effect of financial development indicators on economic growth in IranThe purpose of this research is to investigate the long-term and short-term effects of financial development indicators (financial efficiency and financial depth) on economic growth in Iran.2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKSome previous studies (Bittencourt, 2012; Estrada, Park, & Ramayandi, 2010; Hassan, Sanchez, & Yu, 2011; Škare, Sinković, & Porada-Rochoń, 2019) have indicated that financial development can affect economic growth by performing the function of financial intermediaries so that the distribution of financial resources can be absorbed by the productive sector. Other studies (Moyo & Le Roux, 2020; Petkovski & Kjosevski, 2014) provide evidence that financial development has a negative influence and has not been able to play a role in economic growth. IkhsanSome studies show that developing countries mostly report the negative impact of financial development on economic growth, which can be caused by specific characteristics, principled framework and management issues.Some studies (Bloch and Tang 2003., Ram and Andersen 1999., & Tang and Trap 2003.( also provide evidence in support of the concept that financial development and economic growth are not related and are two separate phenomena that are independent of each other (Bloch and Tang 2003, Ram and Andersen 1999, & Trap).Therefore, the results that have been provided over time about this relationship have been inconclusive and only three main results have been obtained from these studies: positive, negative and lack of influence.According to the results of the study (Bakar and Sulong, 2018), the impact of financial development on economic growth depends on the choice of time frame, the sample of countries, the list of variables, the choice of different indicators and even econometric methods. 3- METHODOLOGYIn order to investigate the long-term and short-term effects of capital efficiency and financial depth on economic growth, this research utilises the newly proposed autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) approach which was developed and introduced by Pesaran and Shin (1995 and 1998), Pesaran et al.The analysis using the ARDL method is based on the interpretation of three equations: dynamic equation, long-term equation and error correction. Before estimating the model, default tests of unit root, homogeneity and determination of optimal interval should be performed4- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONUsing the ARDL technique, it was found that there is a positive short-term relationship between liquidity volume and economic growth and a similar negative short-term relationship between banking system deposits and economic growth. But in the long run, the banking system's deposits have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. While the effect of liquidity on economic growth in the long run is negative. Also, private sector credit as an indicator of financial efficiency, both in the long run and in the short run, has no significant effect on economic growth5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONSThe impact of financial development on economic growth is one of the most important channels in economic matters, which has attracted many debates and controversies, but the results of research related to the impact of financial development indicators on economic growth are theoretically and empirically different from each other.All these different views are sufficient reasons to examine the effect of financial development indicators (financial efficiency and financial depth) on economic growth in Iran.Therefore, in this study, the long-term and short-term effects of financial efficiency indicators and financial depth on economic growth in Iran's economy during the period from 1983 to 2021 were investigated in a time series.According to the results obtained from the research, it can be stated that: The volume of liquidity can lead to economic growth if it can provide a suitable basis for the optimal allocation of resources and increase capital efficiency.Savings can be important as one of the sources of economic growth in the long term, but it cannot be considered as the cause of economic growth in Iran in the short term.Simply granting facilities to the private sector cannot guarantee financial efficiency, but the way these resources are used and spent is in the direction of economic growth and development, which will show financial development.

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Original Article Financial Economics

The optimal combination of investment in assets in different conditions of the stock market using the Mean-VaR model

faramarz tahmasebi; alireza tamizi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.79777.1259

Abstract

IntroductionHarry Markowitz’s portfolio selection theory is the pioneer of new theories (Markowitz, 1952). Markowitz’s mean-variance analysis is the most common method to solve the asset selection problem. In this method, the variance of asset returns is the only criterion for risk assessment. ... Read More IntroductionHarry Markowitz’s portfolio selection theory is the pioneer of new theories (Markowitz, 1952). Markowitz’s mean-variance analysis is the most common method to solve the asset selection problem. In this method, the variance of asset returns is the only criterion for risk assessment. Unfavorable risks and their measurement are considered in the new financial theories about risk. Value at risk (VaR) is one of the most commonly used indicators in this field (Jorion, 1997, 2000). For the first time, Bamol (1963) proposed the concept of VaR as a new model for risk assessment (Alexander and Baptistab, 2002). But since the early 1990s, it has been widely used as a tool to assess risk. Hanifi (2010), in his first research on the model of VaR in Iran, calculated and compared VaR of different companies in Iran and several foreign countries. In the conducted studies, the portfolio risk of joint-stock companies was calculated by the VaR approach and using different models. The research results were compared with the variance criterion in some of these studies (i.e. a research by Karimi). Financial markets are among the most important and influential markets of any country. Stock market is considered as one of the important components of financial markets. On the other hand, stock asset is one of the important components of people's asset portfolio; its price usually changes due to the economic fluctuations. It is believed that the demand for maintaining other assets will be influenced by changing the return in one of the components of the asset portfolio; therefore, the people's asset portfolio composition will be changed. In this study, the effect of changes in the stock market returns on the people’s asset portfolio composition was condsidered by using the VaR criterion and the mean-VaR model in different periods of the stock market.Theoretical frameworkIn general, two theories are considered more in the literature of financial economics and topics on optimal portfolio determination; Modern portfolio theory and ultra-modern portfolio theory. Optimal asset allocation and optimal portfolio recognition are done according to the optimization based on the mean and variance of asset returns in modern portfolio theory, which was first introduced by Markowitz. Markowitz's mean-variance model, based on a specific level of return rates, obtains optimal values of risk based on minimizing the variance of the total assets in the portfolio (Markowitz, 1952)In another theory, optimal asset allocation and optimal portfolio recognition are done based on the relationship between return and unfavorable risk criteria. Ultra-modern portfolio theories explain the behavior of investors and portfolio selection based on the relationship between return and unfavorable risk. In this theory, unfavorable risk (fluctuations lower than the investor's target rate of return) is defined as a risk measurement index. From the viewpoint of the theory, risk as an emotional status is more representative of the fear of an unfavorable event such as loss or less performance than expectations or lack of access to the desired goal. So, unfavorable risk measures can explain it mathematically in a better way (Adami, 2012). Value at risk (VaR) is one of these measures. The risk of assets is calculated using VaR approach in the Mean-VaR model and it is used in the model.Research Methodology The study’s population was consisted of the price of assets, such as land, housing, gold coins, currency, stocks, bonds and bank deposits. These assets’ prices were extracted from the website of Iranian Central Bank and Statistics Center from 1991 to 2021. Then, the return and standard deviation of return on assets were calculated and used in the study. Dickey-Fuller test was used to review the stationarity of time series. Most macroeconomic variables are correlated of the first degree (integrated of 1). It is expected that data to be fixed after one time differentiation. Since the data used in this study is in the form of growth rate, it is expected that the data to be fixed. The results indicated that all the data are fixed as expectations. In order to conduct the research, after calculating the return, expected return and correlation coefficients of return on assets by Markowitz model, the asset risk with the 95% confidence level and the short-term (one-year), medium-term (10-year) and long-term (30-year) time horizons. year) were estimated using the VaR model (parametric method). Statistical calculations were performed and the results were extracted by using mean-VaR model.ConclusionIn order to select the optimal portfolio, the results of the statistical analysis indicated that the asset portfolio composition is changed due to the change in the ratio of return to risk during the entire period with respect to different time horizons. People's asset portfolio mostly includes stocks and housing during the period when stock returns are positive. Although there is a very high risk for investing in stocks, but it has a high share in people's investment portfolio due to the higher risk-return ratio in this period. At the same time as the stock returns become negative, a most change is occured in asset portfolio composition. So that stocks are completely removed from people's portfolios and are replaced by bonds and bank deposits. Under this condition, the entire asset portfolio almost consistes of the bonds and bank deposits in the short-term period.These two assets, in addition to low risk, have consistent returns for investors. The results represented that the change in stock returns lead to changing the asset portfolio composition in different periods. Since there is not a study to investigate and determine the people’s asset portfolio composition in different conditions of the stock market, it is not possible to compare this study’s results with other studies

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Original Article Financial monetary economy

Investigating the effect of central bank independence on Capital market performance (Comparison of developed and developing countries)

mahdieh rezagholizadeh; Morteza Abdolhosseini; Hossein Jafari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.82322.1300

Abstract

Considering that the macro-decisions of the central bank of any country can affect the capital market of country, in this study, the effect of central bank independence on the performance of the stock exchange in a selection of countries is investigated. These countries divided into two groups of developed ... Read More

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Original Article Financial Economics

stigating the the impact of financial stability determinants with emphasis on the banking industry factors

ghaem hashemi; Mohammad solgi; Gholam Hassan Taghi Netaj Malik Shah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.81779.1294

Abstract

Financial stability refers to a situation where the financial system consisting of intermediaries, markets and market instruments and infrastructure are able to withstand shocks, as a result of which the possibility of disruption in the mediation process is reduced. The purpose of this research is to ... Read More

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Original Article Financial monetary economy

A new approach to modeling factors affecting housing prices (TVP-DMA&TVP-FAVAR approach)

Fariba Heydari; Kamran Nadri; Gholamali Haji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.82801.1304

Abstract

Changes in housing prices can cause booms and Recession in the housing sector, the consequences of which affect the economy. Considering the importance of this issue, identifying the factors affecting housing prices can help policy makers and planners in formulating relevant policies. Focusing on this ... Read More

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Original Article

Presenting an Efficient Model of Government Budget Allocation to The Provinces of The Country with a Combined Approach

Ahmadreza Saraf Jadidan; Mehdi Homayonfa; Sina Khordiar; Mehdi Fadaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.84115.1326

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to present an efficient model of government budget allocation to the provinces of the country with a combined approach. The current research is an applied-descriptive study of a quantitative type. The statistical community is documents related to budget allocation in the ... Read More

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Original Article Capital markets

The role of stock market timing theory on the capital structure of companies active in the capital market: a case study of the electricity and power plant industry

yazdan gudarzi farahani; Mansour Haghtalab; ghazal ghalvazi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.83985.1325

Abstract

Capital structure has been one of the most important topics in modern financial theory. Financial resources can have both short-term and long-term effects on financial performance. The timing theory of the company market based on the stock price has specified the time of stock release. When the ratio ... Read More

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Original Article Startups and its financing

The effect of enterprise risk management on the supply and demand of commercial credit

Abdonaser Derakhsan; Farshid Ahmadi Farsani; Alireza Abroud

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.85428.1355

Abstract

Commercial credit is the most important source of short-term financing for companies and commercial enterprises. Commercial credit is one of the methods by which companies provide financing for short-term periods. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of enterprise risk management on ... Read More

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پژوهشی Financial monetary economy

Inflation, budget deficit and discretionary monetary policy (Within the framework of Nash equilibrium and mixed strategic games)

Abdorasoul Sadeghi; Farkhondeh Jabalameli; Aliasghar Heidari Zefreh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.86249.1375

Abstract

1- IntroductionGiven the continuous budget deficit of government mainly coming from the lack of alternative financial resources for oil revenues, unstoppable upward trend of consumer price index, two-digit rates of unemployment, and as well as a non-independent Central Bank., money, Central Bank, and ... Read More 1- IntroductionGiven the continuous budget deficit of government mainly coming from the lack of alternative financial resources for oil revenues, unstoppable upward trend of consumer price index, two-digit rates of unemployment, and as well as a non-independent Central Bank., money, Central Bank, and its monetary policies have always been a challenging issue in the Iranian economy. Hence, this study assesses the cause of preferring discretionary monetary policy to rule-based monetary policy in Iran’s inflationary environment of economy. In addition, we are supposed to find out whether or not the insistence on discretionary monetary policies can realize Iran’s government’s interests. Ultimately, according to the results, policy implications are presented to adopt monetary policies so that the government, Central Bank, and the private sector reach better outcomes. 2- Theoretical Framework The question is whether policymakers can make a credible commitment to the private sector concerning the future monetary policy, so that they can set their price expectations based on monetary authority’s commitment? In response to this question, two types of discretionary and rule-based monetary policies have been formed. Discretionary monetary policy was first discussed by Simons due to considerable uncertainty arising from the 1930s deep economic recession (Glasner, 2017). In addition, the duality of discretionary monetary policy versus rule-based monetary policy was brought into discussion after the 1970s inflationary conditions (Dellas and Tavlas, 2022). In this regard, Simons considers predictability of monetary policy as a necessity for achieving stability and reducing uncertainty in an economy. Friedman also recommends rule-based policies to reduce uncertainty (Tryoshin, 2023).More prominently, this duality has always been a subject of debate after the studies of Kydland and Prescott (1977) as well as Barro and Gordon (1983), which was brought into discussion the time inconsistency issue of discretionary monetary policy. The rule-based or discretionary monetary policies can influence the private sector's price expectations, which affect the central bank's objectives of maintaining price stability and surging economic growth. Therefore, as pointed out by Jia (2023), it finds much important for the private sector to suitably predict monetary policy objectives to set their price expectations. Hence, the Central Bank's rule-based or discretionary policies can impact the adjustment of the private sector’s price expectations in line with the declared policies. Some believe that the Central Bank cannot bind itself to a fixed monetary rule over an extended period of time. This is why new conditions may arise in the future, requiring the adoption of a new monetary policy to address those conditions. Hence, committing monetary authority to a fixed rule does not align with the realities (Snowdon and Howard, 2013), i.e., monetary policies are adjusted according to the economic conditions of that period of time (Laureys and Meeks, 2018; De Paoli and Paustian, 2017).3-Methodology According to the theoretical foundations, and Kydland and Prescott (1977) as well as Barro and Gordon (1983), under the framework of microeconomics bases, Nash equilibrium, and mixed strategic games, and as well as taking into account the two players of Central Bank and private sector, the cause of preferring discretionary monetary policy to rule-based monetary policy is examined. In this concern, given some realities related to the Iranian economy, we consider some assumptions. First, there is considerable amount of uncertainty. Therefore, both players, the private sector and Central Bank, have no enough confidence in the strategies chosen by the opponent. Second, the private sector places more importance on purchasing power of wages. Considering the passivity of real wages of labors and following their purchasing power to the inflation volatility, originating from the rigidity of nominal wages on labor contracts, more weight is given to the inflation rate compared to the unemployment rate by the private sector.4- Results and Discussion The results show that the Central Bank dependence and its being passive against the fiscal policies of government, an untrusting atmosphere between the Central Bank and privet sector, stagnation situation and a low economic growth, nominal wages rigidity on job contracts, nominal interest rates repression, and continuous budget deficit have made the Central Bank and government intended to improve the employment and budget deficit situations by an unpredicted inflation resulting from discretionary monetary policy. The earnings indicate that the private sector is in knowledge of this reality, and thus the Central Bank is no more able to take advantage of discretionary policies to deceive the private sector for achieving the objectives pointed out above. More explicitly, an equilibrium is formed in which both players distrust each other, and they take this distrust into their making decisions. 5- conclusion and policy implicationsNot only the government, but also the private sector will not reach maximum earnings, and they both meet minimum earnings if the Central Bank keeps insisting on discretionary policies. Whereas they can both reach medium earnings, which is an optimal case, if the rule-based policies are followed. In this regard, the repression of nominal interest rates as well as the rigidity of nominal wages on job contracts have significantly motivated the Iranian government and Central bank to follow discretionary monetary policies. Because, all the government’s short-term benefits, resulting from discretionary policies, come from an unforeseen inflation that is not fully incorporated by the private sector’s price expectations. Iran’s government is aware of this economic reality, the rigidity of nominal wages on labor contracts, which can promote the employment growth by lowering the cost of real wages paid in the labor market. On the other hand, considering the repression of nominal interest rates that are not proportionally adjusted to the inflation rates, the real interest rates experience more decrease after a rise in inflation. Therefore, the cost of repaying the principal and interest rates of government’s issued bonds decreases, which improves the government's budget deficit. Thus, to change monetary policies from discretionary to rule-based policy, it is necessary to be moderated the factors motivating the government and Central Bank to pursue discretionary policies, including the rigidity of nominal wages on job contracts and the repression of nominal interest rates.

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Original Article Financial monetary economy

Scenario Making for Adopting Suitable Monetary Policy in reducing Economic Crises Caused by Widespread Diseases on Iran’s Economic Sectors (Case of Coronavirus outbreaks)

Mojtaba Hajizadeh; mehrzad ebrahimi; hashem zare

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.84244.1328

Abstract

In this study, the optimal monetary policy was determined to reduce the negative effects of the shock caused by the spread of the corona disease on value added of economic sectors (agriculture, industry and mine and services) in Iran. For this purpose, the social accounting matrix (SAM) of the Islamic ... Read More In this study, the optimal monetary policy was determined to reduce the negative effects of the shock caused by the spread of the corona disease on value added of economic sectors (agriculture, industry and mine and services) in Iran. For this purpose, the social accounting matrix (SAM) of the Islamic Parliament Research Center and the central bank's input-output table were used to collect data. Also, to analyze the data, the recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (RDCGE) model and MATLAB software were used. The results showed that among the economic sectors, the service sector is more vulnerable to the shock caused by the spread of the Corona virus. Also, adoption an expansionary monetary policy equivalent to a 5% reduction in the legal reserve rate reduces the negative effects of the shock caused by the outbreak of the Corona virus on value added of studied economic sectors compared to the base scenario (not adopting a monetary policy). Also, adopting an expansionary monetary policy equivalent to a 10% reduction in the legal reserve rate reduces the negative effects of the shock caused by the outbreak of the Corona virus on the value added of studied economic sectors compared to the scenario 1 (5% reduction in the legal reserve rate) and adopting an expansionary monetary policy equivalent to a 20% reduction in the legal reserve rate reduces the negative effects of the shock caused by the spread of the Corona virus on the value added of studied economic sectors in comparison to scenario 2 (10% reduction in the legal reserve rate). Based on this, it is suggested to the monetary authorities to adopt an expansionary monetary policy under similar conditions so that commercial banks can provide facilities to households (in order to stimulate demand and prevent the reduction of production of goods and services) and producers (in order not to lay off or adjust the workforce) in order to reduce the value added of economic sectors.

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Original Article Budgeting and the public sector

Fiscal deficit and tax policies and their impact on economic indicators with regard to the government's sovereign role; The SVAR approach

Ramezan Ali Arshian; Karim Emami; kambiz peykarjou

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.84799.1336

Abstract

The present study explains the response of the economic welfare index to fiscal deficit and tax policies despite the government's sovereign role for the years 1365-1400. For this purpose, using the structural vector autoregression model (SVAR), the effect of fiscal deficit, government tax policies and ... Read More

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Original Article Financial monetary economy

The effect of equilibrium exchange rate deviations on Iraq foreign trade

Mostafa Hassan Jassim Al-Jalabi; maryam emamimibodi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.85107.1345

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTIONWith the passage of time and the importance of international interactions between countries in the field of economy, topics such as currency market, foreign trade, capital flow in the international arena, etc. became very important in economic theoretical foundations. One of the issues ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTIONWith the passage of time and the importance of international interactions between countries in the field of economy, topics such as currency market, foreign trade, capital flow in the international arena, etc. became very important in economic theoretical foundations. One of the issues that is emphasized a lot in the field of international economy is the management of the foreign exchange market and, as a result, issues such as the mechanism of determining the equilibrium exchange rate and exchange rate deviation, which almost all countries are involved in with varying intensity and weakness. . Undoubtedly, the stability of the currency market and the establishment of a real equilibrium exchange rate in this market are of double importance in developing countries. Therefore, managing the exchange rate and preventing its fluctuation and deviation from an equilibrium value has become one of the most important concerns of policymakers in these developing countries, including Iraq. Because, any cross-sectional fluctuation or exchange rate deviation in the short and long term can create challenges for other sectors of the economy, as well as acute imbalances at the macro level and the balance of payments crisis in developing countries are often the direct result of deviation from the long-term equilibrium path is the exchange rate.2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThe exchange rate is one of the important tools in the hands of monetary authorities in all countries of the world in general and developing countries in particular, due to its high sensitivity to the investment environment, business environment and economic conditions. The most appropriate exchange of facts and data is political economy. The excessive sensitivity of macroeconomic variables to the change of the Iraqi exchange rate is due to the deterioration of the real macroeconomic environment.On the other hand, foreign trade plays an important role in determining the fate of any country, and this important economic sector connects the domestic economy of the country with the international economy. Trade is so important that some see it as a driver of development. Different economic schools offer different views on business. Some people like the liberals consider it a factor of peace, realists consider it a factor of increasing national power if the trade balance is positive, and some others like; Marxists propose free trade as a tactic of developed countries to dominate developing countries. The exchange rate is directly related to foreign trade and any increase or decrease can affect the trade balance and competitiveness of domestic producers against foreign goods inside and outside. There are positive relationships between the exchange rate and domestic production, therefore, an increase in the exchange rate can be useful for national production, but it should be noted that the increase in the exchange rate should not be sudden and fluctuating, because Fluctuations in the exchange rate create uncertain conditions for the country's producers and exporters, which can have a negative impact on industrial and agricultural production, employment, etc. The political will of the government should be independent of any political dealings with the exchange rate, so that in this way it can prevent the fluctuations of the exchange rate and its adverse effect on exports and consequently on the power of the country. In fact, policy-making in this area should be technically appropriate to the conditions of domestic and foreign inflation and away from any considerations such as institutional, party interests, election time, and budget deficit.3- METHODOLOGYTo investigate the effect of deviations of the equilibrium exchange rate on the foreign trade relationship of Iraq for the years 2005 to 2021. Therefore, in the first step, the influencing factors on the equilibrium exchange rate were examined using the DOLS method, and the second step was to examine the short-term and long-term effects of deviations of the equilibrium exchange rate on the exchange, export, and import relationship using the ARDL method.4- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn this paper we examine three hypotheses. According to the negative and significant short-term and long-term deviation of the exchange rate with the exchange relationship, it shows exports and imports. Therefore, in the first hypothesis; the effect of exchange rate deviation on the exchange relationship of Iraq is negative, it was confirmed and the results showed that the effect of exchange rate deviation on the exchange relationship of Iraq is negative and significant. In the second hypothesis; the negative and significant effect of exchange rate deviation on Iraq's exports has been tested and this hypothesis has been confirmed. But, the third hypothesis; the exchange rate deviation had a negative and significant effect on Iraq's imports, and this hypothesis was also confirmed.5- CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONConsidering the negative and significant effect of exchange rate deviations on exports, imports and the exchange relationship, it is suggested that the currency policies in Iraq be designed in such a way that the real exchange rate moves towards the equilibrium level and from high deviations the exchange rate should be reduced as much as possible. In this regard, the reduction of the nominal value of money is introduced as a solution to eliminate the deviation of the real effective exchange rate from the long-term equilibrium path, which the use of this policy is based on the complementary policy that increases the prices in the country. Can be used as a practical solution and economic policy makers in Iraq use the equal purchasing power method due to the simplicity and availability of information from price indices, inflation rate and consumer price index to estimate Use the exchange rate. Finally, since the exchange rate is influenced by political relations, the imposition of economic sanctions, the price of oil and the occurrence of war, it is strongly affected. Improving political and economic relations with neighboring countries and major economic powers can be effective in this regard.

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Original Article Financial econometrics

The effect of behavioral irregularities on investors' decision making in the capital market

Tohid Akbarzade; Mehdi Zeinali; yaghob porkarim; younes badavarnahandi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.86568.1387

Abstract

A society relies on rational investors to invest because they are the custodians of society's wealth. However, rationality and predictability in decision making is an unattainable idea because decision makers may sometimes act irrationally. Behavioral economics and finance is a result of the achievements ... Read More

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Original Article Financial Economics

Investigating and comparing the efficiency of econometric models (ARIMA and GARCH) and artificial intelligence (SVM and ANFIS) in predicting the price of cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin case study)

sadegh bafandeh imandoust; mehdi behname; Mehdi Roshan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.86389.1382

Abstract

In this study, the comparative prediction of Bitcoin price was discussed using econometric models and artificial intelligence. For this purpose, daily Bitcoin price data for the period January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2023 was collected from the Bitstamp exchange website. In addition, in this study, in ... Read More

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Original Article Bank

Assessing the performance of development banking in Iran's economy; Using a composite Indicator

mohammad Zhoola Zadeh Saki; kamran nadri; mahdi ghaemi asl

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.86701.1393

Abstract

Among the most important reasons for establishing development banks are:- Helping to rebuild the economies of countries;- Strengthening infrastructure and strategic sectors;- Separating commercial loans from development loans.High risk and long-term returns are a major feature of large-scale economic ... Read More

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Original Article Financial monetary economy

Examining the effects of financial stress on the uncertainty of Iran's monetary policy despite the role of government governance in recession and boom regimes

zahra heirani; kiomars sohaili; SHAHRAM Fattahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.87351.1408

Abstract

In this study, we seek to test the financial tension and uncertainty of Iran's monetary policy despite the role of government governance in recession and boom regimes. For this purpose, by using the principal component analysis (PCA) model in the first part, the financial stress index was calculated ... Read More

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پژوهشی Capital markets

Factors affecting Venture Capital Investment by Real Investors, A Study of Tehran Stock Exchange (Sari branch) Activists

mohammad reza babaei semiromi; ramezan gholami evati; sayed tohid mosavian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.88235.1424

Abstract

Increasing desire for venture capital is one of the growth drivers of small and medium enterprises in developing countries. Startup companies, if supported by venture capitalists, can successfully IPO, lead to the development of their market and rapid increase in profitability and increase in the value ... Read More

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پژوهشی financial and monetary policies

Investigating the dynamic Impacts of monetary policy on the return of Tehran Stock Exchange industries using the PMG model

Seyed Hassan Masoudi Alavi; Mohammad Nadiri; Alireza saranj

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.89357.1442

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impacts of monetary policy on the return of different industries of Tehran Stock Exchange. According to the existing theories, this effect can be different. In the current research, using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) method, in the period of April 2010 ... Read More

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