fatemeh khani; mahmod hoshmand
Abstract
In recent years, global warming has increased with greenhouse gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen oxide, causing unhealthy changes in the environment. In this regard, this paper consists of five sections. After the introduction in the second part, we describe the studies carried ...
Read More
In recent years, global warming has increased with greenhouse gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen oxide, causing unhealthy changes in the environment. In this regard, this paper consists of five sections. After the introduction in the second part, we describe the studies carried out on the subject of the research. Then, in the third part, the topic is discussed. In the fourth section, the model used and the variables of the model have been introduced and the results of the estimation of the model have been presented. In the fifth part, we have also discussed the conclusion. Empirical studies on the topic of research have been divided into two categories (external studies and internal studies). In each of these divisions, the studies that have examined the impact of financial development on environmental pollution, as well as studies that have examined the role of governance on environmental pollution are mentioned. Since the study of the effect of financial development on the environment has recently been considered, this section is part of a series of studies that refer to the relationship between financial development and the environment, and also based on the few studies that link the financial and environmental development have analyzed the different channels of the impact of financial development on the environment. Since this study is an inter-country study, data panel information in the studied country group (selected countries of the oil exporter) was used during the period 1996-1996. Also, the 16 selected oil exporting countries include Algeria, Bahrain, Ecuador, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Venezuela and Yemen. Before presenting the results of model estimation, descriptive statistics of the variables used in the model (carbon dioxide emissions, per capita income, per capita energy consumption, good governance index, financial development index) have been presented. The innovation of the present study can be argued that this study, taking into account simultaneously two important variables and the effect of financial and governance development on the environment in one of the models with comprehensive and low probability of error (data panel), and also, by choosing the appropriate country group (which has a very high degree of homogeneity according to the subject matter), it has tried to speak with greater confidence about the effect of financial development on the environment. Based on the estimates of the present research, the coefficients related to economic growth, energy consumption with a positive sign, suggest that there is a direct relationship between these variables and environmental pollution. In other words, economic growth in these countries has been accompanied by further environmental degradation, and excessive consumption of energy in the economic growth process has caused more environmental damage. Now, if economic growth is accompanied by financial development, it can be argued that financial development in the long run will lead to technological advancement, resulting in less energy consumption and less pollution. On the other hand, the coefficient of good governance is negative, indicating that good governance is one of the factors that improve the quality of the environment. Improving the governance index reduces the gap between the people and the state in environmental issues and reduces environmental pollution. In order to develop financial market and reduce environmental pollution it is recommended:
Adoption of appropriate policies for the development of the financial sector and reduction of environmental pollution
Provision of resources for the implementation of environmental protection projects, which are often run by the government and other social and economic institutions and require financing.
Due to the lack of capital in low-quality institutions, the reform of financial and institutional infrastructure in order to attract and inflate capital (by regulating environmental regulations and prioritizing more environmentally friendly technologies) is recommended to these countries so that they improve through the level of financial development.
Policy makers should note that financial sector reforms must be implemented step by step with great care in order to prevent financial instability and its impact on environmental degradation.
The positive relationship between GDP per capita and the per capita GDP of carbon dioxide in the selected countries of the oil exporter can be attributed to the inefficiency of the production sector and the lack of access to advanced technology in this section, given these cases with the advancement of production technology and the modernization of the production sector, it is possible to prevent high pollution from high tech contamination.
A positive relationship between per capita energy consumption and environmental pollution can be partly attributed due to the high energy use in the commercial and home sectors and in transportation, in which energy efficiency is not optimized in these sectors. With this in mind, energy consumption optimization policies and raising the level of people's awareness of environmental hazards can prevent energy consumption from contaminating the environment.
Mahmood Hooshmsnd; Seyyed Hamed Hosseini
Abstract
Abstract
Increasing needsofenergy, is one of thefundamentalissuesinhumanlifeand governments areplanningto preparation these needsthroughvarious sourcesof energy. Despitetheimportance offossilsourcesofenergysupplyfor different uses, different factors such as negative environmental consequences resulting ...
Read More
Abstract
Increasing needsofenergy, is one of thefundamentalissuesinhumanlifeand governments areplanningto preparation these needsthroughvarious sourcesof energy. Despitetheimportance offossilsourcesofenergysupplyfor different uses, different factors such as negative environmental consequences resulting from use of fossil resources, the resource constraints, a possible increase in prices and other reasons, attention to other energies is necessary. Wind energy is one of the main types of renewable energies that human has always been considered.
In this paper, by using COMFAR cost -benefit wind plant with a capacity of megawatts consists of units of wind turbines analyzed is then the incentives to produce and invest in buildingsuch aplanthas been examined.
The results show that the guaranteed prices of electricity, changes in exchange rate and certificationsrate in the quota system have the impact on the net internal rate of return(IRR) and netpresent value(NPV).
Mohmood Hoshmand; Mohammad Daneshnia; Ali Sotudeh; Azam Ghezelbash
Abstract
Always economic growth is one of the most important indicates for economic development. Thus, more production is important and effective way to achieve economic development. In The other hand energy production is considered as the one of the inputs. This study, examines the causality relationship between ...
Read More
Always economic growth is one of the most important indicates for economic development. Thus, more production is important and effective way to achieve economic development. In The other hand energy production is considered as the one of the inputs. This study, examines the causality relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and price among OPEC member countries.
This study uses annual data over the period 1978-2008 by using panel data technique.
Results Our show that a two-way Causality relationship are between the variables as energy consumption and economic growth in the long run ,while the one-way causality relationship is from economic growth to price increase. As well as two-way causality relationship are between the variables energy consumption, economic growth and prices in the short term.
Ashkan Rahimzadeh; Mahmood Hoshmand; Ehsan Fazle Elahi
Abstract
This subject is important for economic decisions that can be effective monetary
policy (Anticipated and Unanticipated Liquidity) in resolve of output shortage?
The aim of this paper analyses the effective factors on economic growth in Iran by
Using time series methods and in (1978-2008) period endogenous ...
Read More
This subject is important for economic decisions that can be effective monetary
policy (Anticipated and Unanticipated Liquidity) in resolve of output shortage?
The aim of this paper analyses the effective factors on economic growth in Iran by
Using time series methods and in (1978-2008) period endogenous growth model.
Results show that the ratio of private investment to real GDP(-1), ratio of
government investment to real GDP(-1), the effective labor growth and anticipated
Liquidity growth have a positive effect on economic growth. But the effect of
unanticipated Liquidity growth on economic growth isn’t significant.
Ali Haghighat; Khosrow Piraee; Mohammad Daneshnia
Abstract
Inflation has always been an economic problem and different solutions have been
proposed to control it. Although it is said that “higher output lowers inflation rate”
but it is true when other factors are constant. This study searches the answer to the
following question: “what is the effect ...
Read More
Inflation has always been an economic problem and different solutions have been
proposed to control it. Although it is said that “higher output lowers inflation rate”
but it is true when other factors are constant. This study searches the answer to the
following question: “what is the effect of inflation rate and output in a case that
inflation rate and output growth has a volatility trend?”
To this aim we use seasonal data on Iran’s gross domestic product and consumer
price index from spring 1975 to summer 2008 and an exponential generalised
autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) model to show volatility
the variables.
The results of this study show that there is an autoregressive conditional
heteroskedasticity (ARCH) process in the output growth and inflation rate. We also
find that the inflation rate and output volatility increase Inflation rate and the output
volatility higher output growth. The hypothesis that the inflation rate volatility
lowers output growth can not be accepted.
Mahmood Hoshmand; Mohammad Danesh nia
Abstract
Always, financial sector has a central role in development and economic growth. Hence the relationship between financial development and economic growth appears to be essential. This article examines the impact of financial development on economic growth, with consider other variables affecting ...
Read More
Always, financial sector has a central role in development and economic growth. Hence the relationship between financial development and economic growth appears to be essential. This article examines the impact of financial development on economic growth, with consider other variables affecting the economic growth, such as ratio of commercial, domestic investment and interest rate.
This study estimates a relationship between variables within a Auto regressive Distributed Lag framework over the periods .
The results of this study represents a significant and positive impact of financial development on economic growth. Also domestic investment has a positive and significant impact on economic growth, and Interest rate has a significant negative impact on economic growth.
Mahmood Hoshmand; Mohammad Farmanbar; Mohammad Keivanfar
Abstract
Privatization is a process in which the ownership of governmental economic enterprises is transferred to private sector. According to other countries’ experiences and discussed economic theories over the past decades, privatization has improved the performance of companies and economic enterprises. ...
Read More
Privatization is a process in which the ownership of governmental economic enterprises is transferred to private sector. According to other countries’ experiences and discussed economic theories over the past decades, privatization has improved the performance of companies and economic enterprises. In this study, financial ratios of companies were used as their performance indicators. This paper studies the function of companies that were assigned to private sector in Iran, before and after assignment. Results show that performance indicators of companies that transferred to private sector through stock exchange did not improve during the two following years after that.
Mahmood Hooshmand; Mohammad Daneshnia; Zahra Abdollahi; Zohreh Eskandaripour
Abstract
The importance of non oil export and it’s role in economic deuelopment of Countnies , has been considered as value subject for a long time. More over , understanding and the rate of effect factors on non oil export may help export development . Therefore in this study Withy using 2SLS and statistic ...
Read More
The importance of non oil export and it’s role in economic deuelopment of Countnies , has been considered as value subject for a long time. More over , understanding and the rate of effect factors on non oil export may help export development . Therefore in this study Withy using 2SLS and statistic from (1971-2009), it had assessed the effective factor in the Iranian non oil export .
We have shown that, the world’s income and real currency echange rate have a positive and significant effect on export demand. Governmental fundamental investment also has a positive effect in the non oil export .Although foreign direct investment and excess internal demands not have a significant effect on export, they show a positive and a negative coefficient, respectively.
